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The Nervous System.

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Presentation on theme: "The Nervous System."— Presentation transcript:

1 The Nervous System

2 The Reflex Arc Reflex—rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to a stimulus Occurs over pathways called reflex arcs Reflex arc—direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector

3 The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a Stimulus at distal end of neuron Skin
Spinal cord (in cross section) Interneuron Receptor Effector Sensory neuron Motor neuron Integration center (a) Figure 7.11a

4 The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a, step 1 Skin
Stimulus at distal end of neuron Skin Receptor (a) Figure 7.11a, step 1

5 The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a, step 2 Skin
Stimulus at distal end of neuron Skin Receptor Sensory neuron (a) Figure 7.11a, step 2

6 The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a, step 3 Skin Spinal cord
Stimulus at distal end of neuron Skin Spinal cord (in cross section) Interneuron Receptor Sensory neuron Integration center (a) Figure 7.11a, step 3

7 The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a, step 4 Skin Spinal cord
Stimulus at distal end of neuron Skin Spinal cord (in cross section) Interneuron Receptor Sensory neuron Motor neuron Integration center (a) Figure 7.11a, step 4

8 The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a, step 5 Stimulus at distal end of neuron
Skin Spinal cord (in cross section) Interneuron Receptor Effector Sensory neuron Motor neuron Integration center (a) Figure 7.11a, step 5

9 Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b–c
Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Sensory (afferent) neuron Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Synapse in ventral horn gray matter Inter- neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Effector (quadriceps muscle of thigh) Effector (biceps brachii muscle) (b) (c) Figure 7.11b–c

10 Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b, step 1
Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Spinal cord (b) Figure 7.11b, step 1

11 Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b, step 2
Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Sensory (afferent) neuron Spinal cord (b) Figure 7.11b, step 2

12 Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b, step 3
Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Sensory (afferent) neuron Spinal cord Synapse in ventral horn gray matter (b) Figure 7.11b, step 3

13 Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b, step 4
Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Sensory (afferent) neuron Spinal cord Synapse in ventral horn gray matter Motor (efferent) neuron (b) Figure 7.11b, step 4

14 Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b, step 5
Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Sensory (afferent) neuron Spinal cord Synapse in ventral horn gray matter Motor (efferent) neuron Effector (quadriceps muscle of thigh) (b) Figure 7.11b, step 5

15 Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11c, step 1
Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) Spinal cord (c) Figure 7.11c, step 1

16 Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11c, step 2
Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron (c) Figure 7.11c, step 2

17 Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11c, step 3
Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Inter- neuron (c) Figure 7.11c, step 3

18 Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11c, step 4a
Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Inter- neuron Motor (efferent) neuron (c) Figure 7.11c, step 4a

19 Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11c, step 4b
Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Inter- neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Effector (biceps brachii muscle) (c) Figure 7.11c, step 4b

20 Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b–c
Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Sensory (afferent) neuron Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Synapse in ventral horn gray matter Inter- neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Effector (quadriceps muscle of thigh) Effector (biceps brachii muscle) (b) (c) Figure 7.11b–c

21 Types of Reflexes and Regulation
Somatic reflexes Activation of skeletal muscles Example: When you move your hand away from a hot stove

22 Types of Reflexes and Regulation
Autonomic reflexes Smooth muscle regulation Heart and blood pressure regulation Regulation of glands Digestive system regulation

23 Types of Reflexes and Regulation
Patellar, or knee-jerk, reflex is an example of a two-neuron reflex arc Figure 7.11d

24 Central Nervous System (CNS)
CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube The neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord The opening of the neural tube becomes the ventricles Four chambers within the brain Filled with cerebrospinal fluid

25 Central Nervous System (CNS)
Figure 7.12a

26 Regions of the Brain Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum) Diencephalon
Brain stem Cerebellum

27 Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Figure 7.12b

28 Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain Includes more than half of the brain mass The surface is made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci)

29 Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Figure 7.13a

30 Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Lobes of the cerebrum Fissures (deep grooves) divide the cerebrum into lobes Surface lobes of the cerebrum Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe

31 Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Figure 7.13b

32 Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Specialized areas of the cerebrum Primary somatic sensory area Receives impulses from the body’s sensory receptors Located in parietal lobe Primary motor area Sends impulses to skeletal muscles Located in frontal lobe Broca’s area Involved in our ability to speak

33 Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Figure 7.13c

34 Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Figure 7.14

35 Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Cerebral areas involved in special senses Gustatory area (taste) Visual area Auditory area Olfactory area

36 Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Interpretation areas of the cerebrum Speech/language region Language comprehension region General interpretation area

37 Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Figure 7.13c

38 Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Layers of the cerebrum Gray matter—outer layer in the cerebral cortex composed mostly of neuron cell bodies White matter—fiber tracts deep to the gray matter Corpus callosum connects hemispheres Basal nuclei—islands of gray matter buried within the white matter

39 Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
Figure 7.15

40 Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon
Figure 7.16

41 Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon
Sits on top of the brain stem Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres Made of three parts Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus

42 Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon
Figure 7.12b

43 Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon
Figure 7.16a

44 Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon
Figure 7.16b

45 Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon
Thalamus Surrounds the third ventricle The relay station for sensory impulses Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation

46 Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon
Hypothalamus Under the thalamus Important autonomic nervous system center Helps regulate body temperature Controls water balance Regulates metabolism

47 Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon
Hypothalamus (continued) An important part of the limbic system (emotions) The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus

48 Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon
Epithalamus Forms the roof of the third ventricle Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland) Includes the choroid plexus—forms cerebrospinal fluid

49 Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem
Attaches to the spinal cord Parts of the brain stem Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

50 Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem
Figure 7.16a

51 Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem
Midbrain Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers Has two bulging fiber tracts— cerebral peduncles Has four rounded protrusions— corpora quadrigemina Reflex centers for vision and hearing

52 Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem
Pons The bulging center part of the brain stem Mostly composed of fiber tracts Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing

53 Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem
Medulla Oblongata The lowest part of the brain stem Merges into the spinal cord Includes important fiber tracts Contains important control centers Heart rate control Blood pressure regulation Breathing Swallowing Vomiting

54 Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem
Reticular Formation Diffuse mass of gray matter along the brain stem Involved in motor control of visceral organs Reticular activating system (RAS) plays a role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness

55 Regions of the Brain: Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem
Figure 7.16b

56 Regions of the Brain: Cerebellum
Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces Provides involuntary coordination of body movements

57 Regions of the Brain: Cerebellum
Figure 7.16a

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