1. Understanding Theme

2. Definition of Theme
A theme is an idea or message about life, society, or human nature. It is often the hardest element to identify in a book.

3. Another Definition of Theme
The controlling idea or central insight of a story is its theme. It is the underlying or philosophical idea that the story conveys.

4. The purpose of a story is not to state a theme, but rather to verify it and bring it to life. By appealing to our intellect, emotions, senses, and imagination, authors help us discover and explore the themes within their stories.

5. A Couple of Questions: “What did the hero do in the book?”
“What did the hero's actions show about his love for his family?”

6. These questions are very different from each other.
The first one:“What did the hero do in the book?”deals with the plot of the story.
The second one: “What did the hero's actions show about his love for his family?” Deals with the theme.

7. Why We Explore Themes
Exploring themes increases our awareness of life, expands our horizons, and helps us feel truths of which we were only vaguely or intellectually aware.

8. One Way to Determine Theme
To determine the theme of a story, we ask what insights into life or about human nature are revealed in the story.

9. Other Ways to Detect Themes in Literature
To discover a theme, students need to look at the “under the surface” narrative, which is shown through subtext, subtle details, and events not spoken about. By studying the subtext the author reveals his or her ideas about the world.

10. Short stories may only have one theme, while novels are likely to have many.

11. Theme in Our Short Stories
We have already discovered the theme in “The Cask of Amontillado” is Revenge, but are there some other ones? How about in “Thank You Ma’m”?

12. Some Helpful Questions to Ask: Needs and Desires
Understand the inner struggles of characters.
What are their needs and desires in the beginning, middle, and end?
What is the character like at the start of the novel, and how or why does he/she change?
What does he/she want?

13. Conflict: Identify the central conflict.
List the protagonist’s friends and enemies.
Are there conflicts between characters, between the protagonist and his society, or between the protagonist and his own self?

14. Motifs: Pay attention to visual cues.
Search for symbols or motifs that represent something else.
What does the darkness signify in Fortunado’s world?
What does the dirt on Roger’s face that the woman has him clean off suggest?

15. Subtext: Examine dialogue and action between characters.
Does Roger say or do things he doesn’t want to say or do?

16. Titles:
Study the story’s title, for clues about the author’s message.

17. Personal Experience:
Compare the protagonist’s journey to your own experiences.
Do you know how the character feels when he/she is happy or sad?
Do you agree with what he/she says or does?
If you were in his/her position, would you act differently?

18. Moral and Theme:
The words moral and theme are not interchangeable. Occasionally the theme of a story may be expressed as a moral principle, but usually the idea of a moral is too narrow to be used as a statement of theme.

19. The word theme is preferable for several reasons:
The objective of most fiction is to provide enjoyment, rather than to preach a sermon.
In looking for theme, one does not look for a lesson.
Interpretive fiction increases our awareness of life. The writer's purpose is not to inculcate a code or set of moral rules. The purpose is often to observe and to provoke thought.

20. To discover the theme of a story we should ask, "What does the story reveal?" rather than "What does the story teach?"

21. Themes in interpretive fiction often challenge our beliefs and provide rather somber truths. A reader need not accept a theme that is contrary to his or her personal beliefs. However, any theme is worthy of consideration in that it is someone's view.

22. Principles of Stating a Theme:
A theme may be stated briefly or explored in length.
A rich story may offer several complex insights into life .

23. When discussing theme, we should remember the following guidelines:
There is no "right" or set way of determining theme. Theme may be discovered by examining :
- changes to the protagonist; - what the protagonist learned; or - the nature of the conflicts.

24. A theme should be expressed in complete sentences
A theme should be expressed in complete sentences. Single words such as "isolated" or "angry" are not adequate. A thematic statement presents an idea about the topic.

25. A theme should be stated as a generalization about life, society, or human nature. We shouldn’t refer to specific characters.

26. The theme generalization should not be larger than is justified by the details of the story.

27. Theme is the central unifying concept of a story
Theme is the central unifying concept of a story. Therefore it must account for all the details in the story and not rely on supposed facts or assumptions from our own experience.

28. Theme should not be reduced to a cliché (an overused and unoriginal way of expressing an idea).

29. Consider the Themes in the Following Photographs: