1. Stupendous Cells

2. Microscopes
Light Microscope (LM) – use visible light passed through specimens and then through glass lenses
Magnification – ratio of image’s size to real size
For light microscope – 1000x
Resolution – how clear the image is
For light microscope – resolution is .2μm (bacteria size)

3. Microscopes
Electron microscope – shoots beam of electrons through specimen
Good for studying organelles – but can’t use for living cells
Scanning electron microscope
(SEM) – good for studying surface
of a specimen
Transmission electron
microscope (TEM) –studies
internal structure of cells

4. The Basic Unit of Structure and Function of all living things
All cells have:
Cell (Plasma)
Membrane
Cytosol
Chromosomes
Ribosomes

5. A. Prokaryotic Cells NO NUCLEUS! NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES!
DNA in a “nucleoid” region
NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES!
(i.e. no mitochondria, lysosomes, golgi, vacuoles)
Smaller than Eukaryotic cells

6. B. Eukaryotic Cells

7. Boundary of EVERY cell
Phospholipid bilayer with proteins
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE

8. 1. Plasma membrane
Ratio of surface area to volume for cells must be large
This allows nutrients to travel to nucleus and waste products to travel out of cells more efficiently

9. 2. Nucleus
Control Center – carries the code that determines the primary structure of proteins
Contains chromosomes (genetic info)
Nucleolus (makes ribosome subunits)
Surrounded by Nuclear envelope (double membrane)

10. 3. Ribosomes Makes Proteins No Membrane Found in ALL cells
Can be free (in cytosol) or bound (on ER)

11. Carries out the following tasks
Synthesis of proteins
Transport of proteins into membranes and organelles
Transport of proteins out of the cell
Metabolism
Movement of lipids
Detoxification of poisons
Includes the following: Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, Plasma membrane

12. No Ribosomes
Makes lipids, makes and breaks down carbs
Detoxifies drugs (add hydroxyl to them) and proteins
Lots of ENZYMES!
Stores calcium

13. 4b. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Has Ribosomes
Make proteins and transport them using transport vesicles
Membrane factory--grows in place by adding phospholipids and proteins

15. 4c. Golgi Apparatus
Manufactures, stores, sorts and ships products made in the ER
Cis face receives the vesicles from ER
Trans face tags the products giving them a “target” for other parts of the cell
Also manufactures macromolecules
Has a membrane

17. 4d. Lysosomes MEMBRANE BOUND!
Enzymes for breaking down macromolecules!
Lower pH (which means?)
Aid in cell destruction

18. 4e. Vacuoles
MEMBRANE BOUND
Food Vacuole- stores food

20. b. Contractile Vacuole Found in Protists that live in fresh water
Pumps out excess water

21. Central Vacuole (PLANTS)
Large Vacuole in Plants – store lots of water
Surrounded by membrane called TONOPLAST!
Stores lots of stuff like potassium, chloride dangerous substances, color pigments (flowers)

23. 5. Mitochondria POWERHOUSE! Burns sugar to make ATP - Respiration
Has a double membrane
Contain small amount of DNA

24. 6. Chloroplasts PHOTOSYNTHESIS! Not found in animal cells
Contains 2 or more membranes
Have flattened scs called thylakoids – stacked in Grana

25. 7. Peroxisomes Single membrane
Breaks things down by transferring H to Oxygen making peroxide
Also has an enzyme to break the TOXIC peroxide into water!
Can be used to break fatty acids or detoxify

26. 8. Cytoskeleton
Can be dismantled and reassembled to change the shape of the cell
Involved in Cell Motility (movement)
Made of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate fibers
Function – support and shape to cell (wonderbra), anchors organelles and some enzymes

27. 8a. Microtubules Shape and Support Tracks for motor molecules
Cause movement of cilia and flagella
Chromosome movement in cell division

28. 8a. Microtubules Centrosomes – found in animal cells – near nucleus
Organize microtubules
Contain centrioles that replicate before cell division

29. Contain microtubules in special arrangements
Can be used to propel organisms (like unicellular eukaryotes), sperm
Cilia also line many organs like windpipe and oviducts to help things move
Flagella – usually only one or a few – undulate to move
Cilia – many – found on cell surface – move like oars

30. Cilia and Flagella
Occur in a 9+2 pattern – 9 microtubules doublets in a ring surrounding 2 single microtubules
Connected by cross-linked proteins called dyneins

32. 8b. Microfilaments (actin)
Bears Tension (handles pulling forces)
Helps in muscle contraction (works with myosin)
Moves pseudopodia of amoeba
Helps flow of cytoplasm in plant cells
Helps form cleavage furrow during cell division

33. 8c. Intermediate Filaments
Made of proteins in the keratin family
Maintains cell shape (don’t disassemble like microtubules/microfilaments)
Anchors nucleus and some organelles

34. Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Seen in Animal cells
Mainly made of Glycoproteins
Collagen – main glycoprotein
Fibronectin – bind to cell surface receptors called integrins – allow for signal transmission

35. 9. Intercellular Junctions (animals)
9a. Tight Junctions
Plasma membrane tightly pressed against each other
Prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across epithelial cells (like skin)

36. Intercellular Junctions (animals)
9b. Desmosomes
Anchor junctions
Fasten cells together into strong sheets
Attach muscle cells together

37. Intercellular Junctions (animals)
9c. Gap Junctions
Make channels to connect cytoplasm of cells to adjacent cells
Allow communication between cells in many types of tissue
Can open and close based on ATP

38. 10. Cell Wall (plants)
Used for protection, maintaining shape and preventing uptake of too much water
Made of Cellulose

39. Plant Cell Wall Primary Wall
thin and flexible
seen in young plants
Middle Lamella – between walls – sticky – to glue cells together
Secondary Wall
between plasma membrane and primary wall
Strong and durable for cell protection and support (wood)

40. Cell Wall

41. 11. Intercellular Junction (plants)
Plasmodesmata
Channels in plant cells
Connect cytoplasm of one cell to the next making it continuous
Allows water and small solutes to pass freely

42. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cell

43. Animal vs Plant cell