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1 copyright cmassengale
Classification copyright cmassengale

2 copyright cmassengale
*Species of Organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified copyright cmassengale

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SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Explain how diversity within a species increases the chances of its survival. SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Use a phylogenetic tree to identify the evolutionary relationships among different groups of organisms. copyright cmassengale

4 *What is Classification?
Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms copyright cmassengale

5 *Benefits of Classifying
Accurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”?? copyright cmassengale

6 *Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names
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7 *Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists
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Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers copyright cmassengale

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Early Taxonomists John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant copyright cmassengale

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*Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 18th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today copyright cmassengale

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*Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) copyright cmassengale

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*Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature used Genus species Latin or Greek Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing Turdus migratorius American Robin copyright cmassengale

13 Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale

14 Rules for Naming Organisms
The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) This prevents duplicated names copyright cmassengale

15 *Classification Groups
Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species copyright cmassengale

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Dumb King Phillip Came Over For Gooseberry Soup! copyright cmassengale

17 *Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON Genus and species are the two names used to identify specific organisms in the binomial system of classification. Division is used for plants. Most Specific copyright cmassengale

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*Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles copyright cmassengale

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*ARCHAEA Probably the 1st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Found in: Sewage Treatment Plants Thermal or Volcanic Vents Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) copyright cmassengale

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ARCHAEAN copyright cmassengale

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*EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale

23 Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale

24 *Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms
Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) copyright cmassengale

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*Protista Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic copyright cmassengale

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*Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale

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*Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development. Development involves many stages from conception until death. copyright cmassengale

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*Animalia Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals copyright cmassengale

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Taxons Most genera contain a number of similar species The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) Classification is based on evolutionary relationships copyright cmassengale

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32 *Basis for Modern Taxonomy
Based on evolutionary relationships Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins copyright cmassengale

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*Molecular Clocks – models that use mutation rates to measure evolutionary time. Different molecules have different mutation rates -mitochondrial DNA mutates 10x faster than nuclear DNA -ribosomal RNA mutates slower than nuclear DNA copyright cmassengale

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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale

35 Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos
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*Phylogeny is the evolutionary history for a group of species. (Do not copy) Shown through - tree diagrams or cladograms Cladograms allow you to see any shared common ancestors. copyright cmassengale

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Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales copyright cmassengale

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Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale

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On pages 525, complete the Quick Lab to turn in. copyright cmassengale

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*Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism copyright cmassengale

41 Example of Dichotomous Key
1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 copyright cmassengale

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SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Explain the process of cell differentiation as the basis for the hierarchical organization of organisms (including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems). copyright cmassengale

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*Circulatory System – to distribute food and oxygen and collect wastes. May have no heart, a simple heart or a heart with many chambers. May have blood vessels or complete using diffusion only. Respiratory System – gas exchange (carbon dioxide and oxygen) May happen through skin, trachea tubes, gills or lungs copyright cmassengale

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*Integumentary – skin and hair. Function is to protect Muscular – function is movement Excretory – function is to remove metabolic wastes – Many organisms do this by diffusion or simple tubes. Most complicated is mammalian kidney. Neph- means kidney copyright cmassengale

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*Nervous – function is to coordinate and has sensory organs Some organisms just have a nerve net, some have a simple brain, some have no sensory organs. Endocrine – glands Controls development of organism copyright cmassengale

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*Reproductive – make new organism. Some create new organism asexually, just dividing into two organisms or budding off parent organism. Some create sex cells, like egg and sperm copyright cmassengale

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*Digestive – function is to take in and break down food. Some organisms have a one opening digestive system. Some have a two opening with many organs. Skeletal – function is to protect and for movement. Exoskeletons are on the outside. Endoskeletons are on the inside. copyright cmassengale

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