1. Chapter 11 Liquids and Solids by Christopher G. Hamaker
Illinois State University
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

2. The Intermolecular Bond Concept
An intermolecular bond is an attraction between molecules, whereas an intramolecular bond is between atoms in a molecule.
Some properties of liquids, such as vapor pressure, are determined by the strength of attraction between molecules.
Intermolecular bonds are much weaker than intramolecular bonds.

3. Water
Modern Marvels DVD- Part III- Nature’s Oddball- Approx. 15:30.

4. Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen bonds are a special type of intermolecular, polar attractions.
Hydrogen bonds are present in water. These bonds are very polar, and the partial negative oxygen in one molecule is attracted to the partial positive hydrogen in another

5. The Chemistry of Water
Because water is essential to life on this planet, many consider it to be the single most important liquid.
The polarity of water makes it a great solvent. It is called the universal solvent.
This means a variety of substances can be dissolved in WATER!!

6. WATER: The Amazing POLAR Liquid
The a liquid that
Is LESS dense in SOLID form than in liquid form
What does this mean?
ICE FLOATS

7. Physical Properties of Water
Water is one of the few substances that is less dense as a solid than as a liquid.
As water freezes, the hydrogen bonds organize the water molecules into a three-dimensional structure where the molecules are farther apart then in the liquid.
Liquid water has a density of 1.00 g/mL, while ice has a density of g/mL.

8. Interesting Facts about H2O
Water is the only substance on earth which OCCURS NATURALLY in three different forms; liquid, solid and a gas.
Water has the highest surface tension of all liquids. Because water can form a “skin” precipitation is possible.
Water is INCOMPRESSIBLE. You cannot squeeze water into a solid ice cube.
Water is the “universal solvent.” It dissolves more substances than any other liquid.
Ice is actually less dense than water, that is why icebergs float on water.
No other material has this property. Other materials in solid form are MORE dense than their liquid counterparts, so the solid sinks...

9. Household water

10. Properties of water Major constituent of living things
“Universal solvent”
Dissolves most molecules
Solid phase less dense than liquid
Ice floats!
High Surface Tension
High specific heat
Heat retention
Climate stabilization
High latent heat of vaporization
Evaporative cooling
Sweating
All result from water’s chemical structure

11. Surface Tension

12. Surface Tension

13. Structure of water molecules
Bent configuration
Characterized by polar covalent bonding
Polar molecule; dipole
Oxygen = negative center; hydrogen end positive
Hydrogen bonding between molecules
Accounts for many physical properties
Ice floats, again…

14. Hard Water/Soft Water
As water seeps through the ground, it forms solutions with the minerals in the ground
Water with a lot of minerals dissolved in it is referred to as “hard water”
“Soft water” has few dissolved minerals
Hard water is a direct result of the geographical landscape (UNDERGROUND) combined with the superior performance of water as a solvent

15. Hard and soft water Aqueous solubility of salts varies “Hard water”
Solutions of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions
Form insoluble compounds with soap
Soap “hard” to lather
Various removal methods for bicarbonate and sulfate salts including “ion exchange”

16. Chemistry Connection: Water Purification
In many areas, water has lots of dissolved minerals leading to high concentrations of ions.
This is referred to as hard water.
It is often not suitable for use in agriculture or drinking.
The water is purified in a water softener by exchanging the cations and anions for H+ ions and OH– ions.