1. Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds
Chapter 21
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2. Nonmetallic Elements
Metalloids
21.1

3. C3H8 (g) + 3H2O (g) 3CO (g) + 7H2 (g)
Hydrogen Production
C3H8 (g) + 3H2O (g) CO (g) + 7H2 (g)
C (s) + H2O (g) CO (g) + H2 (g)
Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
21.2

4. Binary Hydrides of the Representative Elements
21.2

5. 1H (hydrogen), 2H (deuterium, D), 3H (tritium, T)
Isotopes of Hydrogen
1H (hydrogen), 2H (deuterium, D), 3H (tritium, T) 1
Kinetic isotope effect
CH3COOH (aq) CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)
Ka = 1.8 x 10-5
CH3COOD (aq) CH3COO- (aq) + D+ (aq)
Ka = 6 x 10-6
21.2

6. Pt catalyst on Al2O3 used in hydrogenation
Hydrogenation is the addition of hydrogen to compounds containing multiple bonds. C H C H
H2 +
Pt catalyst on Al2O3 used in hydrogenation
21.2

7. Fuel Values of Some Common Fuels
The Hydrogen Economy
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O (l)
Fuel Values of Some Common Fuels
Fuel
Fuel Value (kJ/g)
Wood (pine) 18
Coal 31
Crude oil 45
Gasoline 48
Natural gas 49
Hydrogen
142
21.2

8. Chemistry In Action: Metallic Hydrogen

9. Phase Diagram of Carbon
C (diamond) C (graphite) DG0 = kJ
21.3

10. Chemistry In Action: Synthetic Gas from Coal
C (s) + H2O (g) CO (g) + H2 (g)
C (s) + 2H2 (g) CH4 (g)
CO (g) + 2H2 (g) CH3OH (l)
21.3

11. 21.4

12. nP4 (white phosphorus) (P4)n (red phosphorus)
2Ca3(PO4)2 (s) + 10C (s) + 6SiO2 (s) CaSiO3 (s) + 10CO (g) + P4 (s)
P4 (s) + 5O2 (g) P4O10 (s)
nP4 (white phosphorus) (P4)n (red phosphorus)
3000C
21.4

13. 21.4

14. Common Phosphorus-Containing Oxoacids
21.4

15. Chemistry In Action: Ammonium Nitrate–The Explosive Fertilizer
At T > 2500C
NH4NO3 (g) N2O (g) + 2H2O (g)
At T > 3000C
2NH4NO3 (g) N2 (g) + 4H2O (g) + O2 (g)

16. O2- (aq) + 2H2O (l) O2 (g) + 4OH- (aq)• 2-
oxide O • 2-
peroxide O • -
superoxide
O2- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq)
O2- (aq) + 2H2O (l) O2 (g) + 4OH- (aq) 2
4O- (aq) + 2H2O (l) O2 (g) + 4OH- (aq) 2
basic oxides
amphoteric
acidic oxides
basicity
21.5

17. Ozone 3O2 (g) 2O3 (g) DG0 = 326.8 kJ (powerful oxidizing agent)
Electrical Discharge Production of Ozone
21.5

18. Frasch Process
21.5

19. 21.5

20. 21.6

21. Electrolytic Production of Fluorine
2F F2 (g) + 2e-
2H+ + 2e H2 (g)
2HF H2 (g) + F2 (g)
21.6

22. Laboratory Production of Chlorine Gas
MnO2 (s) + 2H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaCl (aq)
MnSO4 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l) + Cl2 (g)
21.6

23. Chlorine Production by the Chlor-Alkali Process
2Cl- (aq) Cl2 (g) + 2e-
2Na+ (aq) + 2e Na/Hg
Hg (l)
2NaCl (aq) Na/Hg (g) + Cl2 (g)
21.6

24. 21.6