1. Currents, Winds and Regional Climates

2. Currents A current is the shifting of water due to either
Changes in heat
Density differences
Where can we see this? Draw an example below:

3. Changes in heat of water:
Occurs when :
Sea water freezes into ice – the salt remains in the water and doesn’t go into the ice…creating even saltier water!
When water heats up and evaporates, leaving salt in the water behind
What impact does this have on the ocean?
More salt in the water means the water is more dense and it will sink, causing a current to form

4. Movement of water due to changes in heat

5. General movement of ocean currents due to HEAT
Cold water at the poles sinks and moves towards the equator
At the equator, the water warms up and rises
Warmer water flows along the surface of the ocean to replace the water moving away from the poles
On the diagram of the Earth, draw the movement of water due to heat.
Include:
The poles
The Equator
Show the difference between warm and cold water

6. Density differences in water:
Can also occur when fresh water meets salt water
Eg: When a river empties into the ocean
The Fraser River empties into the Pacific Ocean, carrying fresh water (lower density). How will this impact ocean currents?

7. Ocean currents due to heat and density changes
Gyres are major currents that occur as a result of temperature and density changes around the world.
The five main gyres in the world are the:
North Atlantic Gyre
South Atlantic Gyre
North Pacific Gyre
South Pacific Gyre
South Indian Gyre
Each gyre is made up of several currents that push cold, nutrient-rich water up toward the surface

8. Wind also impacts ocean currents
Wind causes water to move along the ocean’s surface, by causing the water to mix

9. STOP! Important pre-knowledge:
To understand wind further, you must understand something called heat capacity:
Specific heat capacity = the measure of a substance’s capacity to store heat
Low specific heat capacity: a substance only needs a small amount of heat energy before it’s temperature starts to rise
High specific heat capacity: a substance will tolerate a large amount of heat energy before it’s temperature starts to rise

10. Water Specific Heat Capacity
The heat capacity of water is among the highest of any substance on Earth, meaning it takes a large change in air temperature to change the temperature of the ocean.

11. Sea and Land breezes…
Sea breeze: occurs during the day when cool air off the ocean warms up on land and rises, eventually sinking back into the ocean as it passes over it.
Land breeze: as the sun sets and the air is less warm over land, heat from the ocean rises

12. On a global scale….see NASA footage

13. Wind and Ocean effects on climate
Currents from warm equatorial waters warm the air above them and they lands they pass near.
Warm air causes evaporation from the ocean, leading to high humidity and lots of precipitation (rain)
Currents from cold waters near the poles cool the air and land around them.
Colder air causes less evaporation, leading to low humidity and less precipitation (snow)

14. Check Your Understanding
Page 239 – do all questions except for #6