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Contamination: the presence of harmful substances (biological, chemical or physical) in food
Can be contaminated on purpose, but most cases are accidents.
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Air, contaminated water, and dirt People
Animals used for food Air, contaminated water, and dirt People From person to person Through sneezing or vomiting onto food or food contact surfaced From touching dirty food-contact surfaces and equipment, and then touching food
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Microorganisms: small, living organisms that can be seen only through a microscope. Many are harmless, but some can cause illness. Harmful microorganisms=pathogens Some pathogens make you sick when you eat them, while others produce poisons—or toxins—that make you sick
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Diarrhea Vomiting Fever Nausea Abdominal cramps Jaundice- yellowing of the skin and eyes
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Not every person will have all of the symptoms listed.
Nor are the symptoms of a foodborne illness limited to this list Onset times (how quickly symptoms appear in a person) depend on the type of foodborne illness. Range 30 min- 6 weeks Severity can vary from diarrhea to death
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Location Can be found almost anywhere Live in our bodies
Some keep us healthy, while others cause illness
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Detection Can’t be seen Can’t be smelled Can’t be tasted
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Growth Grows rapidly if FAT TOM conditions are right (see image on page 2.3)
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Prevention CONTROL TIME AND TEMPERATURE
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Food- Needs nutrients to grow; grows best in TCS Foods
Acidity- Grows best in little or no acid ( ) Temperature- Grows best in the temperature danger zone (41-135) Time- Needs time in the temp. danger zone Oxygen- some need oxygen, while others don’t Moisture- Grows best in food with high levels of moisture
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The FDA has identified 3 types of bacteria that are highly contagious and can cause severe illness.
Food handlers diagnosed with illnesses from these bacteria can NEVER work in a food service operation while sick.
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Only lives in humans Eating only a small amount can make a person sick. Severity of symptoms depends on the health of a person Can live in a person’s feces for weeks after symptoms have ended
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Food linked with bacteria
Ready-to-eat food beverages Prevention Measures Exclude food handlers who have been diagnosed Wash hands Cook food to minimum internal temperatures
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Found in the feces of humans with the illness
Flies can transfer the bacteria from feces to food Eating only a small amount can make a person sick High levels of the bacteria are often in a person’s feces for weeks after symptoms have ended
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Food linked with bacteria
Foods that is easily contaminated by hands Food that has made contact with contaminated water, such as produce Prevention Measures Exclude food handlers who have been diagnosed Exclude food handlers who have diarrhea Wash hands Control flies inside and outside of the operation
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Can be found in the intestines of cattle
Also found in infected people Can contaminate meat during slaughtering Eating only a small amount can get you sick Once eaten, produces toxins in the intestines, which causes the illness. Bacteria often found in a person’s feces for weeks after symptoms have ended
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Food linked with bacteria
Ground beef (raw and undercooked) Contaminated produce Prevention Measures Exclude food handlers who have been diagnosed Cook food to minimum internal temperatures Purchase produce from approved, reputable suppliers Prevent cross-contamination between raw meat and ready-to-eat food
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Location Carried by humans and animals Require a living host to grow
While they do not grow in food, viruses can be transferred through food and remain infectious in food
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Sources You can get a virus from food, water or any contaminated surface Foodborne illnesses caused by viruses typically occur through fecal-oral routes
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Destruction Viruses are not destroyed by normal cooking temps
Important to practice good personal hygiene when handling food and food-contact surfaces Quick removal of vomit is also important
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Mainly found in the feces of people infected with it
Can contaminate water and many types of food The virus is often transferred to food when infected food handlers touch food or food equipment with fingers that have feces on them Cooking does not destroy
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Food Linked with the Virus
Ready-to-eat food Shellfish form contaminated water Prevention Measures Exclude staff who have been diagnosed Exclude staff who have jaundice Wash hands Avoid bare-hand contact with ready-to-eat food Purchase shellfish from approved, reputable suppliers
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Often transferred to food when infected food handlers touch food or equipment with fingers that have feces on them Eating only a small amount can make you sick People become contagious within a few hours after eating it The virus is often in a person’s feces for days after symptoms have ended.
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Food linked with the Virus
Ready-to-eat food Shellfish from contaminated water Prevention Measures Exclude staff who have been diagnosed Exclude staff with diarrhea and vomiting from the operation Wash hands Avoid bare-hand contact with ready to eat food Purchase shellfish from approved, reputable suppliers
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Four Types of Pathogens
Bacteria Viruses Parasites fungi
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Location Sources Require a host to live and reproduce
Commonly associated Seafood Wild game Food processed with contaminated water, such as produce
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Prevention Most important way to prevent a foodborne illness by a parasite is to purchase food from approved, reputable suppliers. Cooking food to required minimum internal temperatures is also important. Make sure that fish that will be served raw or undercooked has been correctly frozen by the manufacturer
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Fungi includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms
Some molds and mushrooms produce toxins that cause foodborne illness Throw out all moldy food, unless the mold is a natural part of the food Because mushrooms are difficult to recognize, you must purchase all mushrooms from approved, reputable suppliers.
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Origin Natural part of some fish
Histamine is made by pathogens on some fish (tuna, bonita, mackerel and mahimahi) when it is time-temperature abused Some fish become contaminated when they eat smaller fish with a toxin; one example is ciguatera toxin Shellfish or mollusks (like oysters) can be contaminated when they eat marine algae that have a toxin
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Symptoms Many type of illnesses occur from eating seafood toxins, and each of those toxins have their own set of symptoms People will experience an illness within minutes of eating the toxin Examples of symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting, tingling in the extremities, reversal of hot and cold sensation, flushing of the face, difficulty breathing, burning in the mouth, heart palpitations, and hives
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Prevention Toxins cannot be destroyed by cooking or freezing
Purchase plants mushrooms, and seafood from approved, reputable suppliers Control time and temperature when handling raw fish
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Sources Cleaners Sanitizers Polishes Machine lubricants Pesticides
Deodorizers First aid products Health and beauty products
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Sources Toxic metals Pewter Copper Zinc Some types of painted pottery
NOT FOOD GRADE!!!! Lead (Crystal)
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Symptoms Vary depending on the chemical consumed
Most illnesses occur within minutes Vomiting and diarrhea are typical Call poison control of chemical contamination is suspected
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Prevention Purchase chemicals from approved, reputable suppliers
Store chemicals away from prep areas, food storage areas and service areas Use chemical for their intended use and follow the manufacturer’s directions Only handle food with equipment and utensils approved for foodservice use
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Prevention Keep Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) current and make sure they are accessible to staff at all times Follow the manufacturer’s directions and local regulatory requirements when throwing out chemicals
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Sources Metal shavings from cans Wood Fingernails Staples Bandages
Glass Jewelry Dirt Naturally occurring objects such as fruit pits and bones
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Symptoms Mild to fatal injuries possible Could include: Dental damage
Cuts Choking Bleeding pain
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Prevention Purchase food from approved reputable suppliers
Closely inspect food received Take steps to make sure no physical contaminants can get into food Make sure food handlers practice good personal hygiene
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Who? Terrorists or activists Disgruntled current of former staff
Vendors Competitors
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How? Biological, chemical and physical contaminants
Radioactive materials Attacks might occur anywhere in the food supply chain Usually focused on a specific food item, process or business
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The FDA created a tool that can be used to develop a food defense program against deliberate contamination of food
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Make sure that products you receive are from safe sources.
Supervise product deliveries Use approved suppliers who practice food defense Request that delivery vehicles are locked or sealed
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Monitor the security of products in the facility.
Limit access to prep and storage areas. Locking storage areas is one way to do this. Create a system for handling damaged products. Store chemicals in a secure location. Train staff to spot food defense threats.
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Know who is in your facility.
Limit access to prep and storage areas Identify all visitors, and verify credentials Conduct background checks on staff
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Keep information related to food defense accessible
Receiving logs Office files and documents Staff files Random food defense self inspections
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Identify what you will do and who you will contact if there is suspicious activity or a threat at your operation. Hold any product you suspect to be contaminated Contact your regulatory authority immediately Maintain an emergency contact list
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Gather information Notify authorities
Ask the person reporting the foodborne illness for their contact information, what food they ate and their symptoms Notify authorities Contact the local regulatory authority if you suspect an outbreak
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Segregate the product Document information
Set the suspected product if any remains and label with “Do not use” and “Do not discard” Document information Log information about the suspected product including product description, production date, lot number, sell by date and pack size
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Cooperate with authorities
Identify staff Maintain a list of food handlers scheduled at the time of the suspected contamination. Employer needs to immediately interview that list of staff of current health status Cooperate with authorities Cooperate with the investigation by the regulatory authority Review procedures Review food handling procedures to identify if standards are not being met or procedures are not working
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Food allergen: a protein in a food or ingredient that some people are sensitive to
These proteins are naturally occurring When enough of an allergen is eaten, an allergic reaction can occur
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Depending on the person, an allergic reaction can happen just after the food is eaten or several hours later. Nausea Wheezing or shortness of breath Hives or itchy rashes Swelling of various parts of the body, including the face, eyes, hands or feet Vomiting and/or diarrhea Abdominal pain
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Initially symptoms may be mild, but they can become serious quickly.
In severe cases, anaphylaxis a severe allergic reaction that may result in death. If someone is having an allergic reaction, call 9-1-1
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Milk Eggs Fish Shellfish Soy Wheat Peanuts Tree nuts
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Describe dishes Identify ingredients Suggest items Hand deliver food to guests with food allergens, separate from other food.
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Staff must make sure that allergens are not transferred from food containing an allergen to the food served to the customer (called cross contact) Ways it can happen: Cooking different types of food in the same fryer oil Putting food on surfaces that have touches allergens
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Wash, rinse and sanitize cookware, utensils and equipment after handling a food allergen
Wash your hands and change gloves before prepping food Use separate fryers and cooking oils when frying food for customers with food allergies Prep food for customers with food allergies in a separate area from other food Label food packaged on site for retail sale. Name all major allergens on the label and follow any additional labeling requirements.
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Tea Mushrooms Tofu Cod Tomatoes Rice and rice products Bread Pecan pie Omelet Melons Citrus fruit Vanilla ice cream Peanut butter Green peppers Crab legs Squash and eggplant Potatoes
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What are the most common symptoms of a foodborne illness?
Diarrhea, vomiting, fever, nausea, abdominal cramps and dizziness Diarrhea, vomiting, fever, nausea, abdominal cramps and headache Diarrhea, vomiting, fever, nausea, abdominal cramps and jaundice Diarrhea, vomiting, fever, nausea, abdominal cramps and tiredness
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What is the most important way to prevent a foodborne illness from bacteria?
Control time and temperature Prevent cross-contamination Practice good personal hygiene Practice good cleaning sanitizing
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Enterohemorrhagic and shiga toxin-producing E-coli are commonly linked with what type of food?
Potato salad Thick stews Dairy products Raw ground beef
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What is the most important way to prevent a foodborne illness from viruses?
Control time and temperature Prevent cross contamination Practice good personal hygiene Practice good cleaning sanitizing
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A guest called a restaurant and told the manager about getting sick after eating there. The guest complained of vomiting and diarrhea a few hours after eating the raw oysters. What pathogen probably caused the illness? Norovirus Shigella Salmonella Typhi Enterohemorrhagic and shiga toxin-producing E-coli
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Parasites are commonly linked with what type of food?
Rice Poultry Seafood Canned food
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A guest had a reversal of hot and cold sensations after eating seafood
A guest had a reversal of hot and cold sensations after eating seafood. What most likely caused the illness? Toxin Virus Bacteria Parasite
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A food handler stores a sanitizer spray bottle on the shelf above the prep table that had just been sanitized. Throughout the day, the food handler used the sanitizer on the prep table, storing it in the same spot. What should the food handler have done differently? Stored the sanitizer bottle away from the prep area Stored the sanitizer bottle on the floor between uses Stored the sanitizer bottle on the prep table between uses Stored the sanitizer bottle with food supplies below the prep table
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To prevent the deliberate contamination of food, a manager should know who is in the facility, monitor the security of products, keep information related to food security on file, and know When to register with the EPA How to fill out an incident report Where to find MSDS in the operation Who to contact about suspicious activity
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What should food handlers do to prevent food allergens from being transferred to food?
Clean and sanitize utensils after use Buy from approved, reputable suppliers Store cold food at 41F or lower Label chemical containers correctly
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