1. Atoms, Orbitals & Functional Groups
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2. The Periodic Chart & Elements
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3. The Elephant of Elements
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4. Introduction The Periodic Chart Element Is a listing of known elements
A substance composed of atoms having an identical number of protons in each nucleus.
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5. Common Elements
Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen make up 96.5% of the human body weight
Individually, the following elements make up % of the human body weight
Sodium
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Potassium
Calcium
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6. The Atom
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7. Description The smallest particle of an element Has two main sections
All known elements are found on the Periodic Chart.
Has two main sections
Nucleus
Out Shell
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8. Subatomic Particles
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9. Introduction There are three subatomic particles Protons Neutrons
Found within the nucleus
Neutrons
Electrons
Found in the outer shell
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10. Introduction Protons Neutrons Electrons Positive charge Neutral charge
Negative Charge
Surround the atom
Used in the formation of chemical bonds
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11. Electrons
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12. Shells (aka Energy Levels)
Shells may be thought of as layers in which electrons are found.
Represented pictorially by the Bohr Model.
The shells, represented by numbers, contain a maximum number of electrons
1 = 2 e-
2 = 8 e-
3 = 18 e-
4 = 32 e-
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13. Valence Electrons
The number of electrons found in the most outer shell.
Used to determine the type of, and how many, chemical bonds that are made.
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14. Orbitals
The volume of space, around the nucleus, where electrons are found.
**Used to calculate the number of electrons found in shells
Represented by letters
Each orbital also has a maximum number of electrons
s = 2
p = 6
d = 10
f = 14
The electron configuration displays the orbitals, and number of electrons found within, surrounding an atom.
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15. Hybrids Developed by Linus Pauling in 1931
Showed mathematically how orbitals on an atom, can combine and hybridize, to form equivalent atomic orbitals.
The concept explains how carbon forms four equivalent tetrahedral bonds but does not explain why it does so.
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16. From Orbitals to Hybrids
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17. Determining the Amount of Subatomic Particles

18. The Equation
The equation A = Z + N is used to calculate the atomic mass and the number of subatomic particles*.
Atomic Mass (A)
The absolute atomic mass of an atom
Atomic Number (Z)
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom N
The number of neutrons
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19. Question
If the atomic mass of an element is 29, and the number of neutrons is 15, what element am I talking about?
A = Z + N
29 = Z + 15
Z =
Z = 14
What element has an atomic number of 14?
Si (Silicon)
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20. Functional Groups
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21. Description & Importance
A functional group is an atom, or group of atoms, that is responsible for the specific properties of an organic compound.
Organic compounds must contain carbon.
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22. Functional Groups II
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23. Functional Groups III
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