1. DIGESTIVE& EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Related with i) digestion; ii) absorption; 3) water balance; 4) excretion
Main division: 1) foregut
2) midgut
3) hindgut

2. FOREGUT MOUTH  PHARYNX  ESOPHAGUS CROP (TEMBOLOK) PROVENTRICULUS
ENZYMES FROM
SALIVARY GLANDS
CROP (TEMBOLOK)
PROVENTRICULUS

3. PV
CROP

4. FOREGUT
Mouth: mandibles break down food to small pieces. inside mouth salivary glands excrete enzymes to: 1) aid breakdown of food; 1) add moisture
Phariynx: region that is circled by muscles – force food from mouth to esophagus
Esophagus: at tube-like connecting the crop(tembolok)

5. FOREGUT
Crop: storage area for food. Insect eats beyond repletion, so need storage before pushed into midgut
Proventriculus (PV): sometimes grinding organ (with small teeth; sometimes only as a valve between fore & midgut

6. MIDGUT
(GC)
Gastric caeca (GC) (sekum gastrik): involved in harbouring m/organisms
Ventriculus (V): Enzymes breakdown food chemically, initiate nutrient uptake (absorption amino acid, carbo, lipids, vit., mineral)
Single layer epithelial cells, convoluted (berlingkar) & folded: provide absorption space
The lining is peritrophic membrane: 1) as a sieve (penapis) which allows enzymes & b/down products to move thru it. 2) protect midgut
(GC)

7. Malphigian tubules (MT): junction of mid & hindgut
Function: kidneys of insect: absorbs salts, water and wastes from the surrounding hemolymph. The wastes then are released from the organism in the form of solid nitrogenous compounds.
Waste in form of uric acid (dry and nontoxic) MT

8. HINDGUT
Water, salt and small metabolites absorption and waste excretion
Waste products are concentrated and packaged for excretion
Consists of 1) intestine (ileum+colon); 2)rectum; 3) anus
From intestine pass to rectal pads: further salt & water retained

9. Function:
1) filter hemolymph
2) recover lost metabolites, water & salt
3) excrete waste
Ileumkolon  rectum rectum anus (waste in form of acid uric- dry & nontoxic
T. Malphigian border of mid & hindgut

10. Insect Nutrition Diverse
Some insects eat variety plants spp. Or maybe restricted to single plant
Eg: Manduca sexta: eats Solanaceae (tobacco, tomato,potatoes)

11. What do insects need? 1)FAT (=LIPID) 2) CARBOHYDRATE(SUGAR)
For hormone production
2) CARBOHYDRATE(SUGAR)
For energy
3) PROTEINS
Need amino acid, for development (eg arganine, leucine, lysine etc)
4) Vitamins
Vitamin A for vision
Vit B1 (thiamine:energy),B2 (riboflavin:energy),B6(pyridoxine:amino acid metabolism)