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Activation of PKC signaling reverses intrinsic chiral rotational bias of cardiac cells and reverses the directionality of cardiac looping. Activation of PKC signaling reverses intrinsic chiral rotational bias of cardiac cells and reverses the directionality of cardiac looping. (A) Percentage of CW, CCW, no rotation, complex rotation, and rotation in cardiac cells isolated from HH10 chicken embryos cultured in the 3D bilayered Matrigel system with and without TPA treatment. (B) Table summarizing the number of cells with and without TPA treatment. (C) Images of HH11 chicken embryo cultured with and without TPA categorized into each group. Blue outline shows rightward heart looping and red outline shows left looping, respectively. (D) Percentage of right-, left-, and no-looped hearts in control and TPA-treated chicken embryos. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; ns, nonsignificant. Poulomi Ray et al. PNAS doi: /pnas ©2018 by National Academy of Sciences
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