1. Carbon Chemistry
Chapter 9

2. Carbon
Organic Chemistry – study of carbon and compounds formed with carbon

3. Organic Chemistry What do we already know about carbon?
Types of bonds it normally forms?
Covalent
How many valence electrons?
Four
How many bonds will it form?

4. Forms of Carbon 1. Diamond 2. Graphite 3. Fullerenes Network solid
Strong covalent bonds
2. Graphite
Soft and slippery
Layered bonds
3. Fullerenes
Also called Buckminsterfullerenes
Soot from burning
Hollow spheres and bonds

5. Hydrocarbons What is a hydrocarbon?
Compound containing hydrogen and carbon

6. Alkanes Contain C and H only Contain only single bonds C-C
Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) atom
Carbons can be arranged in straight chains or chains that branch

7. Properties of Alkanes Nonpolar Tend to be gases or liquids
Float on water
Do not easily form solutions
Tend to be gases or liquids
Boil at low temperatures

8. Naming Organic Compounds
Prefix = Number of Carbon Atoms
Suffix = type of bond formed between carbon atoms
Prefix: Meth = 1 carbon
Suffix: ane = single bonds
Compound: Methane

9. More Alkanes H H Condensed Structural Formulas H C C H CH3 CH3
H H Ethane
H H H
H C C C H CH3 CH2 CH3
H H H Propane
The complete structural formula for ethane shows the single bonds between two carbon atoms and six H atoms. The complete structural formula of propane shows the 3-carbon chain with single bonds to the attached H atoms. To write a condensed structural formula, the H atoms are written as a group next to their respective C atoms.

10. Alkanes -- Naming Methane 1 CH4 Ethane 2 CH3CH3 Propane 3 CH3CH2CH3
Name # carbons Structural Formula
Methane 1 CH4
Ethane 2 CH3CH3
Propane 3 CH3CH2CH3
Butane 4 CH3CH2CH2CH3
Pentane 5 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
The names of organic compounds are determined by the IUPAC rules (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). The stem of the name states the number of carbon atoms in the carbon chain of the compounds. The suffix, in this case –ane, indicates the alkane family.

11. Mnemonic for first four prefixes
Monkeys
Eat
Peeled
Bananas
First four prefixes
Meth-
Eth-
Prop-
But-

12. Alkanes – Naming Hexane 6 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Name # carbons Structural Formula
Hexane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Heptane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Octane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Nonane CH3 CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Decane 10 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

13. Learning Check Alk1 A. What is the condensed formula for H H H H
H C C C C H
B. What is its molecular formula?
C. What is its name?

14. Solution Alk1
A. CH3CH2CH2CH3
B. C4H10
C. butane

15. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Compounds
Saturated compounds (alkanes)
All single bonds btw carbon
Unsaturated compounds (alkenes or alkynes)
Double or triple bonds between carbon atoms
Fewer hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon
Remember: Carbon can only form four bonds

16. Alkenes Hydrocarbons with one or more double bonds between carbons
Names end in -ene
H2C=CH2 ethene (ethylene)
H2C=CH-CH3 propene (propylene)

17. Alkynes Contain one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds
Names end in –yne
Most reactive hydrocarbons
HCCH ethyne(acetylene)
HCC-CH3 propyne

18. Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
Use the same prefixes as alkanes
CH2=CHCH2CH3 butene
CH3CH=CHCH3 butene
CH3CHCHCH3 butyne

19. Learning Check HA3
Write the name for each of the following unsaturated compounds:
A. CH3CH2CCCH3
CH3
B. CH3C=CHCH3 C.

20. Solutions HA3
Write the name for each of the following unsaturated compounds:
A. CH3CH2CH=CHCH pentyne
CH3
B. CH3C=CHCH3 C.
pentene cyclopentene