1. Expansion and Exploration of the Northern Frontier, 1500-1821
Texas, New Mexico, California, Arizona

2. Spanish Colonies - Religious Organization
Missionaries among first explorers
Conversion & Establishment of Missions
Indigenous relationship with Missions
“The object of the whole of the Californian or missionary system being the conversion of the Indians and the training of them up…There can be no doubt that some of these means of obtaining converts go far beyond the bounds of legitimate persuasion.”

3. Texas Missions and Military Outposts

4. California Missions

5. New Mexico Friar Marcos de Niza, 1539 Juan de Oňate, 1598
Settled around Santa Fe
Brutal oppression of Indians

6. Pueblo Indian Revolt, 1680 Santa Fe, New Mexico Led by Popé
Religious origins
Violence against people
Destruction of religious property

7. Route of Alvar Nuňez Cabeza de Vaca
Texas
Arrive in Florida, 1528
Shipwrecked on Galveston Island
80 survivors of the Panfilo Narvaez Expedition
After eight years, only 4 survivors remain
Cabeza de Vaca
Alonso del Castillo
Andres Dorantes
Estevancio
Survivors champion indigenous rights
Route of Alvar Nuňez Cabeza de Vaca

8. Texas Established as a buffer against foreign settlement
Mission & presidio systems the basis of settlement
Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, 1659
La Bahia, 1716
San Antonio de Béxar, 1718
Economy based on ranching & trade
Hostilities with Lipan Apache and Comanche
"Mission Concepcion San Antonio" by Liveon001 ©Travis Witt - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons -

9. California Colonization begins in 1760s
Alta California along the coast
Missions & presidios established
San Diego, 1769
San Francisco, 1776
Los Angeles, 1781
Total of 21 missions
Indian population 335, ,000

10. California Mixed race population
Land incentives to recruit for settlement
Soldier settler
Economic basis in agriculture and ranching

11. Arizona
Diego de Guzman, 1533
Yaqui Valley & Sonora Mexico

12. Infrastructure
Main Roads
Acequias
Knowledge from Muslims
Camino Real

13. The People
Mixed race population
Apache, Comanche, Navajo
Genízaros