1. Modified by Jed Macosko
Spontaneous Change
For a system in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings,
____________
Clausius inequality
At constant ____________ :
no work
isolated system
At constant pressure:
PV work only
For convenience, define:
Then the conditions for ____________change become:
Modified by Jed Macosko
11/29/2018

2. Helmholtz Energy F (or A)
Helmholtz energy; Helmholtz free energy; Helmholtz function; Maximum work function (F for Function or A for Arbeit)
For spontaneous change at constant ____________
Note that it is the total function A that tends to a minimum; this is _______ the same as minimizing U and maximizing S.
Maximum Work
Combine
and 
equality for reversible change
Work done by the system
A system does maximum work when it is operating _______.
But
Therefore, for macroscopic changes
constant T
(-w) can be ____or less than DU according to the sign of DS.
For DS > 0, heat flows into the system to fuel the extra work.
Modified by Jed Macosko
11/29/2018

3. Modified by Jed Macosko
Gibbs Energy G
Gibbs free energy, Gibbs function
Very important in chemistry since it tells whether a particular reaction can ____________ at a given T and P.
For spontaneous change,
for reactions can be calculated from tabulated data
If DH is and DS is then DG the reaction proceeds
-ve +ve ______ at all temperatures
+ve -ve ______ at no temperatures
-ve -ve … if T < DH / DS
+ve +e … if T > DH / DS
Maximum Work:
constant T, P
Modified by Jed Macosko
11/29/2018

4. Basic Thermodynamic Relations 1
__________
_________
____________ _______
____________ ________
Modified by Jed Macosko
11/29/2018

5. Basic Thermodynamic Relations 2
____________ ________
Thermodynamic ___________ of _______
Substituting ____
Modified by Jed Macosko
11/29/2018

6. How Free Energy Depends on P
___________
So:
For a perfect gas
where G° is the ___________ _______defined at P°=1 bar
At equilibrium and constant P and T:
The equilibrium constant, Keq, is “________ ___ _________ ”:
So:
Modified by Jed Macosko
11/29/2018