1. ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
All you need to be an inventor is a good imagination and a pile of junk.
-Thomas Edison

2. The CELL
The cell stores chemical energy and transfers it to electrical energy when a circuit is connected.
When two or more cells are connected together we call this a Battery.
The cells chemical energy is used up pushing a current round a circuit.

3. What is an electric current?
An electric current is a flow of microscopic particles called electrons flowing through wires and components. - +
In which direction does the current flow?
from the Negative terminal to the Positive terminal of a cell.

4. I = V / R Ohm’s Law I = Current (Amperes) (amps) V = Voltage (Volts)
R = Resistance (ohms)
Georg Simon Ohm ( )

5. How you should be thinking about electric circuits:
Voltage: a force that pushes the current through the circuit (in this picture it would be equivalent to gravity)

6. How you should be thinking about electric circuits:
Resistance: friction that impedes flow of current through the circuit (rocks in the river)

7. How you should be thinking about electric circuits:
Current: the actual “substance” that is flowing through the wires of the circuit (electrons!)

8. Would This Work?

9. Would This Work?

10. Would This Work?

11. The Central Concept: Closed Circuit

12. circuit diagram
Scientists usually draw electric circuits using symbols;
cell
lamp
switch
wires

13. Simple Circuits Series circuit Parallel circuit All in a row
1 path for electricity
1 light goes out and the circuit is broken
Parallel circuit
Many paths for electricity
1 light goes out and the others stay on

14. SERIES CIRCUITS
The components are connected end-to-end, one after the other.
They make a simple loop for the current to flow round.
If one bulb ‘blows’ it breaks the whole circuit and all the bulbs go out.

15. PARALLEL CIRCUITS The components are connected side by side.
The current has a choice of routes.
If one bulb ‘blows’ there is still be a complete circuit to the other bulb so it stays alight.

16. 1 2 3
The current decreases because the resistance increases. Ohm’s Law
says that I=V/R. The voltage in the system is constant, resistance increases.

17. PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Place two bulbs in parallel. What do you notice about the brightness of the bulbs?
Add a third light bulb in the circuit. What do you notice about the brightness of the bulbs?
Remove the middle bulb from the circuit. What happened?

18. measuring current
Electric current is measured in amps (A) using an ammeter connected in series in the circuit. A

19. measuring current A A This is how we draw an ammeter in a circuit.
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
SERIES CIRCUIT

20. measuring voltage
The ‘electrical push’ which the cell gives to the current is called the voltage. It is measured in volts (V) on a voltmeter V

21. measuring voltage V V This is how we draw a voltmeter in a circuit.
SERIES CIRCUIT
PARALLEL CIRCUIT

22. OHM’s LAW Voltage Current Resistance Parallel Circuit Voltage Current
Measure the current and voltage across each circuit.
Use Ohm’s Law to compute resistance
Series Circuit
Voltage
Current
Resistance
Parallel Circuit
Voltage
Current
Resistance

23. measuring current SERIES CIRCUIT current is the same
at all points in the
circuit. 2A 2A
PARALLEL CIRCUIT 2A 2A
current is shared
between the
components 1A 1A

24. fill in the missing ammeter readings.? 3A 3A 4A ? 1A ? ? 4A 4A 1A ? 1A

25. The voltage decreases because the current is decreased
The circuit is no longer complete, therefore current can not flow
The voltage decreases because the current is decreased
and the resistance increases.

26. The current remains the same
The current remains the same. The total resistance drops in a parallel circuit as more bulbs are added
The current increases.

27. Series and Parallel Circuits
Series Circuits
only one end of each component is connected
e.g. Christmas tree lights
Parallel Circuits
both ends of a component are connected
e.g. household lighting

28. Circuit in Diagram Form+
battery
bulb _
current
In a closed circuit, current
flows around the loop
electrons flow opposite the
indicated current direction!
(repelled by negative terminal)
Current flowing through the
filament makes it glow.
No Loop  No Current  No Light

29. copy the following circuits and fill in the missing ammeter readings.? 3A 3A 4A ? 1A ? ? 4A 4A 1A ? 1A

30. measuring voltage
Different cells produce different voltages. The bigger the voltage supplied by the cell, the bigger the current.
Unlike an ammeter, a voltmeter is connected across the components
Scientist usually use the term Potential Difference (pd) when they talk about voltage.

31. measuring voltage V V V V

32. series circuit
voltage is shared between the components 3V
1.5V
1.5V

33. parallel circuit voltage is the same in all parts of the circuit. 3V

34. measuring current & voltage
copy the following circuits on the next two slides.
complete the missing current and voltage readings.
remember the rules for current and voltage in series and parallel circuits.

35. measuring current & voltage

36. measuring current & voltageb) 6V 4A A V A V A

37. answers a) b) 6V 6V 4A 4A 6V 4A 4A 3V 3V 2A 4A 6V 2A

38. Voltage, Current, and Power
One Volt is a Joule per Coulomb (J/C)
One Amp of current is one Coulomb per second (6.24 x10^18 electrons/second).
If I have one volt (J/C) and one amp (C/s), then multiplying gives Joules per second (J/s)
this is power: J/s = Watts
So the formula for electrical power is just:
More work is done per unit time the higher the voltage and/or the higher the current
P = VI: power = voltage  current