1. Section Outline 2–3 Carbon Compounds A. The Chemistry of Carbon
B. Macromolecules
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
E. Nucleic Acids
F. Proteins

2. Interest Grabber Life’s Backbone
Section 2-3
Life’s Backbone
Most of the compounds that make up living things contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the basic structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds. Each atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms.
As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A huge number of different carbon compounds exist. Each compound has a different structure. For example, carbon chains can be straight or branching. Also, other kinds of atoms can be attached to the carbon chain.

3. Interest Grabber continued
Section 2-3
1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of at least ten things that contain carbon.
2. Working with a partner, review your list. If you think some things on your list contain only carbon, write “only carbon” next to them.
3. If you know other elements that are in any items on your list, write those elements next to them.

4. The chemistry of carbon
2-3 Carbon Compounds
The chemistry of carbon
Carbon has 4 valence electrons
A carbon atom can bond to other carbon atoms so they can forms chains that can be almost unlimited in length.

5. Figure 2-11 Carbon Compounds
Section 2-3
Methane
Acetylene
Butadiene
Benzene
Isooctane

6. Monomers join together to form polymers
2-3 Carbon Compounds
Macromolecules
Many of the molecules in living cells are so large that they are known as macromolecules
A monomer is a small unit that can join with other small units to form a polymer
Monomers join together to form polymers
This process is called polymerization

7. Concept Map Carbon Compounds 4 groups of organic compounds
Section 2-3
Carbon
Compounds
4 groups of organic compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
Energy Energy Storage Store/Transmit Multipurpose:
Structure Cell membrane Genetic Information Enzymes, Channels

8. They are a main source of energy and structural.
2-3 Carbon Compounds
Carbohydrates
Made up of the element Carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen and are usually in a 1:2:1 ration
They are a main source of energy and structural.
The monomer is a monosaccharide
The three types of monosaccharides are glucose, fructose and galactose
Polysaccharides are large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides
The three are
starch-plant storage cellulose-plant structure
gylcogen –animal storage

9. Figure 2-13 A Starch
Section 2-3
Starch
Glucose

11. Lipids are mostly made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
2-3 Carbon Compounds
Lipids
Lipids are mostly made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
The functions of lipids are store energy, serve as part of membranes, and waterproof covering.
Lipids are formed when glycerol combines with fatty acids
3 examples: fats, oils and waxes

12. Kind of lipid Description Example Saturated butter Unsaturated
Lipids
2-3 Carbon Compounds
Kind of lipid
Description
Example
Saturated
All fatty acid carbons are joined to another carbon by a single bond
butter
Unsaturated
At least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid
Olive oil
Polyunsaturated
More than one c-c double bond in fatty acid
Corn oil

16. Made up of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus.
2-3 Carbon Compounds
Nucleic Acids
Made up of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus.
Their function is to store and transmit genetic information
They monomer is a nucleotide
3 parts to the nucleotide: nitrogenous base, phosphate group and 5-carbon sugar
2 types are : Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) and Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

17. Their monomer is the amino acid
2-3 Carbon Compounds
Proteins
Proteins are made up of the elements: nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon and oxygen.
Their functions are control rate of reactions, transport substances in or out of cells, fight disease, and form bones and muscles.
Their monomer is the amino acid

18. Figure 2-16 Amino Acids General structure Alanine Serine Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine

19. Figure 2-16 Amino Acids General structure Alanine Serine Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine

20. Figure 2-16 Amino Acids General structure Alanine Serine Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine

23. Figure 2-17 A Protein
Section 2-3
Amino
acids