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Biology
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2–3 Carbon Compounds
Photo Credit: © John Conrad/CORBIS
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3. The Chemistry of Carbon
Organic chemistry - is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.
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Macromolecules
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization.
The smaller units, or monomers, join together to form polymers.
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Macromolecules
When small molecules called monomers join together, they form polymers, or large molecules.
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Macromolecules
Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are:
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
C1H2O1
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
energy
structure.
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Carbohydrates
The breakdown of sugars, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for all cell activities.
Living things store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates known as
starches in plants
glycogen in animals
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Carbohydrates
Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy.
Starch
Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Starches form when sugars join together in a long chain.
Glucose
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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides - single sugar molecules
galactose (a component of milk)
fructose (found in many fruits).
Polysaccharides – large molecules formed from monosaccharides
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Lipids
Lipids
not soluble in water.
made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms
Stores large amounts of energy, found in membranes of cells and organelles, water proof coverings
Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
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Lipids
The term saturated fat
fatty acids (chain of C and H) hooked to a glycerol (CHO) and contains the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms. (solid)
The term unsaturated fat (liquid)
have some double bonds between the carbons
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14. Figure 3.8C A fat molecule made from glycerol and three fatty acids.

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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids - macromolecules containing H, O, N, C, and P.
Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides consist of three parts:
a 5-carbon sugar
a phosphate group
a nitrogenous base
Individual nucleotides can be joined by covalent bonds to form a polynucleotide, or nucleic acid.
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information. The monomers that make up a nucleic acid are nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.
There are two kinds of nucleic acids, ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
RNA contains the sugar ribose.
DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose.
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Proteins
Proteins
Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids.
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Proteins
Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end.
Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. All amino acids have an amino group at one end and a carboxyl group at the other end.
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Proteins
The portion of each amino acid that is different is a side chain called an R-group.
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Proteins
The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA.
Protein Molecule
Amino
Acids
Proteins help to carry out chemical reactions, transport small molecules in and out of cells, and fight diseases. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids folded into complex structures.
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Proteins
Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes.
Some proteins are used to form bones and muscles.
Other proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease.
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Proteins
Proteins can have up to four levels of organization:
primary.
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. quantenary
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