1. Chapter 10 Table of Contents Section 1 Discovery of DNA
DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
Table of Contents
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Section 2 DNA Structure
Section 3 DNA Replication
Section 4 Protein Synthesis

2. Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
Objectives
Relate how Griffith’s bacterial experiments showed that a hereditary factor was involved in transformation.
Summarize how Avery’s experiments led his group to conclude that DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria.
Describe how Hershey and Chase’s experiment led to the conclusion that DNA, not protein, is the hereditary molecule in viruses.

3. Griffith’s Experiments
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
Griffith’s Experiments
Griffith’s experiments showed that hereditary material can pass from one bacterial cell to another.
The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell or from one organism to another organism is called transformation.

4. Griffith’s Discovery of Transformation
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
Griffith’s Discovery of Transformation

5. Chapter 10 Transformation Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

6. Chapter 10 Avery’s Experiments
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
Avery’s Experiments
Avery’s work showed that DNA is the hereditary material that transfers information between bacterial cells.

7. Hershey-Chase Experiment
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
Hershey-Chase Experiment
Hershey and Chase confirmed that DNA, and not protein, is the hereditary material.

8. The Hershey-Chase Experiment
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
The Hershey-Chase Experiment

9. Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
Objectives
Evaluate the contributions of Franklin and Wilkins in helping Watson and Crick discover DNA’s double helix structure.
Describe the three parts of a nucleotide.
Summarize the role of covalent and hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA.
Relate the role of the base-pairing rules to the structure of DNA.

10. Chapter 10 DNA Double Helix
Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
DNA Double Helix
Watson and Crick created a model of DNA by using Franklin’s and Wilkins’s DNA diffraction X-rays.

11. Chapter 10 DNA Nucleotides
Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
DNA Nucleotides
DNA is made of two nucleotide strands that wrap around each other in the shape of a double helix.

12. DNA Nucleotides, continued
Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
DNA Nucleotides, continued
A DNA nucleotide is made of a 5-carbon deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T).

13. Structure of a Nucleotide
Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
Structure of a Nucleotide

14. DNA Nucleotides, continued
Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
DNA Nucleotides, continued
Bonds Hold DNA Together
Nucleotides along each DNA strand are linked by covalent bonds.
Complementary nitrogenous bases are bonded by hydrogen bonds.

15. Chapter 10 Complementary Bases
Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
Complementary Bases
Hydrogen bonding between the complementary base pairs, G-C and A-T, holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together.

16. Complementary Base Pairing
Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
Complementary Base Pairing

17. Chapter 10 Objectives Section 3 DNA Replication
Summarize the process of DNA replication.
Identify the role of enzymes in the replication of DNA.
Describe how complementary base pairing guides DNA replication.
Compare the number of replication forks in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells during DNA replication.
Describe how errors are corrected during DNA replication.

18. How DNA Replication Occurs
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
How DNA Replication Occurs
DNA replication is the process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides.

19. How DNA Replication Occurs, continued
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
How DNA Replication Occurs, continued
Steps of DNA Replication
Replication begins with the separation of the DNA strands by helicases.
Then, DNA polymerases form new strands by adding complementary nucleotides to each of the original strands.

20. Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
DNA Replication

21. Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
DNA Replication

22. How DNA Replication Occurs, continued
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
How DNA Replication Occurs, continued
Each new DNA molecule is made of one strand of nucleotides from the original DNA molecule and one new strand. This is called semi-conservative replication.

23. Chapter 10 Replication Forks Increase the Speed of Replication
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
Replication Forks Increase the Speed of Replication

24. DNA Errors in Replication
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
DNA Errors in Replication
Changes in DNA are called mutations.
DNA proofreading and repair prevent many replication errors.

25. DNA Errors in Replication, continued
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
DNA Errors in Replication, continued
DNA Replication and Cancer
Unrepaired mutations that affect genes that control cell division can cause diseases such as cancer.

26. Chapter 10 Objectives Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Outline the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to protein.
Compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA.
Describe the importance of the genetic code.
Compare the role of mRNA, rRNA,and tRNA in translation.
Identify the importance of learning about the human genome.

27. Flow of Genetic Information
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Flow of Genetic Information
The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as DNA RNA protein.

28. RNA Structure and Function
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
RNA Structure and Function
RNA has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose and uracil in place of thymine.
RNA is single stranded and is shorter than DNA.

29. RNA Structure and Function, continued
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
RNA Structure and Function, continued
Types of RNA
Cells have three major types of RNA:
messenger RNA (mRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)

30. RNA Structure and Function, continued
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
RNA Structure and Function, continued
mRNA carries the genetic “message” from the nucleus to the cytosol.
rRNA is the major component of ribosomes.
tRNA carries specific amino acids, helping to form polypeptides.

31. Chapter 10 Transcription
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Transcription
During transcription, DNA acts as a template for directing the synthesis of RNA.

32. Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Transcription

33. Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Genetic Code
The nearly universal genetic code identifies the specific amino acids coded for by each three-nucleotide mRNA codon.

34. Chapter 10 Translation Steps of Translation
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Translation
Steps of Translation
During translation, amino acids are assembled from information encoded in mRNA.
As the mRNA codons move through the ribosome, tRNAs add specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
The process continues until a stop codon is reached and the newly made protein is released.

35. Translation: Assembling Proteins
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Translation: Assembling Proteins

36. Translation: Assembling Proteins, continued
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Translation: Assembling Proteins, continued

37. Chapter 10 The Human Genome
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
The Human Genome
The entire gene sequence of the human genome, the complete genetic content, is now known.
To learn where and when human cells use each of the proteins coded for in the approximately 30,000 genes in the human genome will take much more analysis.

38. Chapter 10 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. For which of the following is DNA responsible?
A. directing RNA to make lipids
B. directing RNA to produce glucose
C. encoding information for making proteins
D. encoding information for changing the genetic code

39. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. For which of the following is DNA responsible?
A. directing RNA to make lipids
B. directing RNA to produce glucose
C. encoding information for making proteins
D. encoding information for changing the genetic code

40. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Where is RNA found?
F. only in proteins
G. only in the nucleus
H. only in the cytoplasm
J. in the nucleus and cytoplasm

41. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Where is RNA found?
F. only in proteins
G. only in the nucleus
H. only in the cytoplasm
J. in the nucleus and cytoplasm

42. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. What is the basic unit of DNA called?
A. sugar
B. nucleotide
C. phosphate
D. nucleic acid

43. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. What is the basic unit of DNA called?
A. sugar
B. nucleotide
C. phosphate
D. nucleic acid

44. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which of the following nucleic acids is involved in translation?
F. DNA only
G. mRNA only
H. DNA and mRNA
J. mRNA and tRNA

45. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which of the following nucleic acids is involved in translation?
F. DNA only
G. mRNA only
H. DNA and mRNA
J. mRNA and tRNA

46. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The table below shows
the percentage of bases in some organisms. Use the
table to answer the questions that follow.
5. What is the ratio of purines to pyrimidines for these organisms?
A. about 1:1
B. about 1:2
C. about 1:3
D. about 1:4

47. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The table below shows
the percentage of bases in some organisms. Use the
table to answer the questions that follow.
5. What is the ratio of purines to pyrimidines for these organisms?
A. about 1:1
B. about 1:2
C. about 1:3
D. about 1:4

48. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The table below shows
the percentage of bases in some organisms. Use the
table to answer the questions that follow.
6. Within each organism, which nucleotides are found in similar percentages?
F. A and T, G and C
G. A and C, G and T
H. A and C, G and U
J. A and G, T and U

49. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The table below shows
the percentage of bases in some organisms. Use the
table to answer the questions that follow.
6. Within each organism, which nucleotides are found in similar percentages?
F. A and T, G and C
G. A and C, G and T
H. A and C, G and U
J. A and G, T and U

50. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. mRNA : uracil :: DNA :
A. guanine
B. thymine
C. adenine
D. cytosine

51. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. mRNA : uracil :: DNA :
A. guanine
B. thymine
C. adenine
D. cytosine

52. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The model below represents a DNA molecule undergoing DNA replication. Use the model to answer the question that follows.
8. Which part of the model represents DNA helicase?
F. 1
G. 2
H. 3
J. 4

53. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The model below represents a DNA molecule undergoing DNA replication. Use the model to answer the question that follows.
8. Which part of the model represents DNA helicase?
F. 1
G. 2
H. 3
J. 4

54. Chapter 10 Short Response
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
DNA is made up of two strands of subunits called nucleotides. The two strands are twisted around each other in a double helix shape.
Explain why the structure of a DNA molecule is sometimes described as a zipper.

55. Short Response, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
DNA is made up of two strands of subunits called nucleotides. The two strands are twisted around each other in a double helix shape.
Explain why the structure of a DNA molecule is sometimes described as a zipper.
Answer:
DNA is often described as a zipper because the two strands of DNA look like each lengthwise half of a zipper and the bases and hydrogen bonds between the strands look like the “teeth” of a zipper.

56. Chapter 10 Extended Response
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response
DNA can be damaged by mistakes made during its
replication. The mistakes are called mutations.
Part A Explain eukaryotic DNA replication.
Part B Explain how a mutation during replication can
affect a protein that is synthesized.

57. Extended Response, continued
Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A During DNA replication, each strand serves as a template. DNA replication begins when helicase enzymes separate the DNA strands. DNA polymerases add complementary nucleotides to each of the original DNA strands. The DNA polymerases are then released. Two DNA molecules identical to the original DNA molecule result.
Part B When mistakes in DNA replication occur, the base sequence of the newly formed DNA differs from that of the original DNA, changing the original code on the DNA. When the mutated DNA is transcribed, the sequence of bases on the mRNA is incorrect. Translating the incorrect mRNA can result in an incorrect amino acid which can affect the protein’s structure and ultimately its function.

58. Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
DNA Nucleotides

59. RNA Structure and Function
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
RNA Structure and Function

60. Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Genetic Code