1. Development Policy and Management
PIA 2501
Week Eight
Local Administration and Development: Democracy, Decentralization and the Myth of the Grassroots

2. Who are our Primary authors?
Paul A. Haslam, University of Ottawa
Paul A. Haslam, Jessica Schafer and Pierre Beaudet Introduction to International Development: Approaches Actors and Issues (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2009).

3. Both from the University of Ottawa
Pierre Beaudet
 Jessica Schafer

4. John Rapley: University of the West Indies Mona

5. Terry Buss, Director Carnegie Mellon Heinz School in Australia

6. The Socialist, 1967

7. Discussion This Week Joyce Cary, “The Two Faces of Progress”
(December 7, 1888-March 29,1957)
Carlos Fuentes, “The Cost of Living”
(November 11, 1928 – May 15, 2012)
Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, “The Interview”
(7 May 1927 – 3 April 2013)

8. Carlos Fuentes and Ruth Prawer Jhabvala

9. Joyce Cary

10. Discussion This Week Joyce Cary, “The Two Faces of Progress”
(December 7, 1888-March 29,1957)
Carlos Fuentes, “The Cost of Living”
(November 11, 1928 – May 15, 2012)
Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, “The Interview”
(7 May 1927 – 3 April 2013)

11. Reminder: Five Development Themes
Development Theory
Development Planning and Management
Governance, Local Government and Civil Society
Human Resource Development
Donors and Development

12. Local Government and Civil Society
Theme Three
Governance,
Local Government and Civil Society

13. Reminder: Neo-Orthodoxy
Development management- development programs are “bad”
Can’t make planning better
Neo-Orthodoxy and privatization
Market Currencies, Free Trade and Small Government

15. The Middle View: 2013
The Moderate Interpretation of Development Management Failures
Goal: Realistic Decision-Making based on sufficient knowledge (strategic planning) “Mixed Scanning”
Balance Public-Private Partnerships
Focus on Human Resource Development (HRD)

16. Structural Adjustment Policies 1985-2001 plus….
The Structural Adjustment Argument- Need to
stabilize currency and markets (getting the prices right)
Promote Free Trade
Need to refocus role of state from development to law and order and deregulation
Address the problem of Debt and Structural Adjustment reforms (IMF and World Bank)
Strengthen Skills levels in LDCs

17. New Emphasis After 1983 Failure of the Central State
NGOs, Private Sector and Civil Society
Democracy, Governance and Local Government

18. Three Issues Now
I. Governance
II. Local Government
III. Civil Society

19. I. Governance
Democracy Video

20. Governance

21. Governance and the State
Sovereignty
Authority to Govern (Ostrom)
Presumption of “Independence”
A National Government status given by International Community and by use of International Law
"States will necessarily remain central actors in development policy and development management."
Milton Esman

22. International Criminal Court

23. The Shift in Development Priorities
Four Post-September 11 Issues:
Governance and Local Governance
NGOs and Civil Society
Human Resource Development
Combating Violent Extremism (CVE)

24. But Where is Governance?

26. Governance: an Overview of Issues
Focus of International Development: Post-2001:
“Democracy and Governance”
Human Rights (First Generation-Political)
But not second (social) or third (economic)

27. Terms Basic Terms: 1. The Environment of Development
2. Governance-Manner in which the state is created, modified or overthrown
3. Rule of Law

29. Governance and Sovereignty
"[T]ransformation (and globalization) has led to a reinvention of government and what it does“
- Anonymous

30. Sovereignty: What Does it Mean?

31. Governance and Sovereignty
Rules of the Game politics:
Zero/sum vs. sum/sum politics
"Splintering”
Break up of states--centrifugal forces
Interest Group Liberalism: The goal?
Civil Society as organizational
Not the individual or the mass

32. Sovereignty
1. Autonomous Governance 2. Territorial Integrity 3. International Recognition 4. Membership in UN and other International Bodies Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

33. The Issue: The Nature of Conflict

34. Governance and Sovereignty
The need for apathy?
Constitutional vs. Social stability
Institutional structures:
Checks and balances
The Institutional State
What is the "Institutional State?” Why is it important?

35. Governance and Democracy
Three Views

36. Types of Democracy: Terms
Direct Democracy
Actual direct participation of a population in decision-making about laws and regulations
Town hall or village model

37. New England Town Hall

38. Types of Democracy, Continued
Indirect Democracy
Some form of representative democracy
Pluralism
Existence of various diverse interest associations, individuals and groups within society (Focus on Tolerance)

39. Nepal Poster

40. Direct Democracy vs. Representative Democracy
Problem with Populism
Mob Justice
Minority rights
Shifting majorities
Problem with Plebiscites
Size and the Need for Indirect Representation

42. James Madison and Democracy: The Warning
The problem with majorities
Tyranny
Factions

43. Democracy: What is it?
"It is only when men learn what it means to be free, and struggle to maintain proper limits upon the exercise of authority so that no one is allowed to become master of the others that human beings have the possibility of creating mutual relationships which they may freely enter and leave as they seek mutually productive patterns of human development."
- Vincent Ostrom

44. Vincent Ostrom, Tej Kumari Mahat and Elinor Ostrom

45. Types of Democracy, cont.
Polyarchy
Diverse interest associations of society compete with each other over policy issues (Structured Pluralism)
Cooperative Movements (or Corporatism)
Diverse interest associations cooperate with each other and with organs of the state to make policy (Scandinavia)

46. Robert Dahl (Yale University (1915-2015) and Polyarchy

47. Democracy: What is it?
“The policy makers have rational interests--to develop their countries, to improve the condition of their people, to acquire or stay in power, or to steal as much as possible.”
Peter Berger, Pyramids of Sacrifice

48. Peter L. Berger (Born March 17, 1929, Boston University)
Central to Peter Berger's work is the relationship between society and the individual

49. Review: Governance and the Rule of Law
VIDEO
Albie Sachs

50. Ten Minute Break

51. II. Local Government- Focus on Local Administration and Development
Myths of the Grass Roots

52. Governance Issues- Continued
Local Government Defined:
Primary unit of government that has both political leadership and bureaucratic structures

53. What Local Government Does

54. A Universal- Pacific Local Government Capacity Building Project

55. What Local Government Does?
Services: local roads, sanitation, water, basic health, primary education
Depend Upon: Skilled Personnel
Fiscal/budget allocation
Taxes and transfers
Planning
Strategic priorities
Managing
Implementing

56. Local Government and Development: The Goal
Bottom Up Participation Planning vs. politics: myths of participation

57. Decentralized Governance
Subsidiarity- higher units of Government should not do what can be done by lower units
Not always about democracy

58. Reinventing Government?

59. Decentralization and Local Government: Models
Devolution- Political
Deconcentration- administrative
Delegation- autonomous control
Privatization- private or non-profit sector

60. It all comes from Shakespeare?

61. Local Government and the Local State
Local State (Local level national authority) vs. Local Government
Functional vs. Territorial Control
Devolution
Urban vs. Rural
Urban linked with Rural

63. The Primary Unit of Government
Municipality: Lowest level with Bureaucrats
English/American
Town vs. county (Rural vs. Urban)
Continental European
Commune (no distinction between rural and urban)

64. Swedish Local Government Organizations

65. Deconcentration Functional vs. Prefectoral Prefectoral integrated
Prefectoral unintegrated

66. French Prefect

67. Control Systems Prefectoral - Integrated Interior Local Govt.
Public Works
Agriculture
Education
Labor
District
Office
Council/Chief
Public Works
Office
District Ag.
Office
District Ed.
Office
District
Labor
Office

68. Control Systems Prefectoral - Unintegrated Interior Local Govt.
Public Works
Agriculture
Education
Labor
Police
District
Office
Police
Council/
Chief
Public Works
Office
District Ag.
Office
District Ed.
Office
District
Labor
Office

69. Control Systems Functional Home Affairs Local Govt. Public Works
Agriculture
Education
Labor
Council
Public Works
Office
District Ag.
Office
District Ed.
Office
District
Labor
Office

70. III. Civil Society and Governance
Civil Society: Definition
Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and the family and short of the state (does not include state organs)

73. State Societal Linkages
Central State - Macro
Weak
Strong
SOFT STATE…………………………….PREDATORY STATE
State-mezzo Weak
Strong
Mono-State…...INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in place.…..Local State
Civil Society - Micro
Weak
Strong
Local - SOFT STATE….………………LOCAL GOVERNMENT

75. The Principle

76. The Goal
Learning Process Model--“incrementalism“- theoretical alternatie
Bottom up and interactive
Village development committees vs. local planning officers
Paternalism of the district officer vs. patronage of local level minor networks
Street level bureaucrats vs. agents from center

78. Potential Development Themes
Potential areas of development include infrastructure improvement, agricultural productivity, pasture improvement, value adding (product processing), postharvest technology and irrigation system improvement.
At the Grassroots

79. Civil Society Redux Definition:
Networks of organizations, groups and individuals pursuing socio-economic interests
"Beyond the family but short of the state”
- Hegal
"Human Rights, Basic Needs and the Stuff of Citizenship”
- First vs. Second and Third generation

80. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

81. Governance Themes
Cultural Issues: Clash of Civilizations and Chaos Theories
Samuel Huntington
Monte Palmer
Jorge Luis Borges
V.S. Naipaul
Michela Wrong

82. Samuel P. Huntington, (April 18, 1927 – December 24, 2008) Harvard University

83. Planning Themes-Authors
Planning vs. Implementation- The Limits of Governance
Jeffery Pressman (and Wildavsky)- Local Government
Naomi Caiden (and Wildavsky)- Planning vs. Budgeting

84. Development Themes
II. Gender and Development- A Democracy and Governance issue
Isabel Allende
Sue Ellen Charlton
Kathleen Staudt

85. And Satire is Important
Capital Steps- They put the Mock in Democracy