1. CHAPTER 15 Physical Development & Health

2. A Developmental Transition
Initiation
Coming of Age Rituals: Common
Example: Apache Tribes, 4-Day Chanting Celebration
Passage of ChildhoodAdulthood
Marked by period of time rather than a single-event
ADOLESCENCE (encompassing years between 11-19)
“Developmental transition involving physical, cognitive, emotional and social transformations”
Changes can vary by factors (cultural, social, economic)
Puberty: Important physical change

3. A Time of Risks and Opportunities
Early Adolescence (approximately ages 11-14)
Opportunities for Growth
Of course Physical, but don’t forget these….
Cognitive and Social Competence, Autonomy, Self-Esteem and Intimacy.
Period of RISKS
Some adolescents may need help: coping&dealing w/changes
Face environmental hazards –National Center of Health Statistics
Risky BX reflects Immaturity of the Mind

4. Puberty Begins w/ Hormonal Changes
Involves dramatic biological changes
Result of heightened production
II Stages
Adrenarche: Adrenal gland
Gonadarche: Reproductive organs

5. Stage I Adrenarche: (beginning age 7-8) DHEA
Adrenal Glands: secrete increased levels of ANDROGENS
Specifically: DHEA – Dehydroepiandrosterone
DHEA
Plays a part in many different growths
Body Hair (P,A,F)
Overall Body Growth
Oilier Skin
AND, best of all…. Body Odor

6. Stage II
Maturation of sex organs triggers burst numero 2 of DHEA production (rising to adult levels)
Gonadarche
Girls: Ovaries increase Estrogen output
Stimulates growth of : Female genitals, breasts and pubic and ax. hair.
Boys: Testes increase manufacture of androgens
Particularly Testosterone
Genitals, muscle mass, and body hair.
Note: Hormones present in both genders but one has more than the other.
Testosterone: Plays part in the development of reproductive organs, in both males and females.
Interesting note: Several Studies (first sexual attraction)

7. Time of Increased Hormonal Production…
Correlates with appropriate body fat
Necessary for reproduction (successfully)
Leptin, a hormone identified as having a role in over-weight, may trigger the onset of puberty by signaling the brain that sufficient fat has accumulated.
Accumulation within bloodstream may stimulate the HYPOTHALAMUS
Sending signals to Pituitary gland signal sex glands to increase hormone secretion.

8. Timing, Signs, and Sequence of Puberty and Sexual Maturity
Changes that herald puberty  8 in girls and 9 in boys
Pubertal Process- Usually 3-4 years
African and Mexican American girls enter puberty earlier than white girls. Reported as early as age 6.

9. Primary/Secondary Sex Characteristics
Primary Sex Characteristics: Organs Necessary for Reproduction
Girls: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, clitoris, uterus, and vagina.
Boys: Testes, Penis, scrotum, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland
Organs enlarge and mature for both sexes
Secondary Sex Characteristics: Physiological signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve the sex organs
Example: Girls: Breasts Male: Broad shoulders
**Changes unfold in a sequence that is much more consistent than their timing.

10. 1st Signs of Puberty Begins around….and lasts about 2 years.
Girls: Typically breast tissue and pubic hair
Nipples, Areolae, Conical Round Shape
Boys: Enlargement of testes and pubic hair
Pubic hair- silky, smooth dark, coarse; voice
Adolescent Growth Spurt- characterized by a rapid increase in height, weight, and muscle and bone growth that occurs during puberty.
Begins around….and lasts about 2 years.
Girls: age 10; Boys: 12 or 13
G: Taller, heavier and stronger than boys at ages 11-13
***After their growth spurt, boys are again larger, as before

11. Signs of Sexual Maturity
Maturation: Menstruation and Sperm Production
Menarche and Spermarche
Spermarche
Occurs at AVG age of 13.
Wet Dream= Nocturnal Emmission
Connection with Erotic Dreams
EJACULATION
Menarche
Occurs late in seq. of female development
Time varies: ½
Overtime, 1st menstruation has occurred progressively earlier
Age 14 in 1900 compared to age 12, currently.
Secular Trend p425
MENSTURATION

12. Psychological Effects of Early/Late Maturation
Time of Maturation tends to predict:
Adolescent Mental Health & Mental-Health Bx in adulthood
Boys: Prefer to mature early, resulting in high self-esteem, poise, composure, relaxation, good-natured along with a popular/less impulsive attitude than late maturers. 426
Girls: Prefer maturation occurrence in conjunction with their peers. If not, may tend to be less sociable, less expressive, and less poised; more introverted and shy; and more negative about menarche than later maturing girls.
Low self-esteem can arise from the formation of breasts
**Among both boys and girls, early maturers are more vulnerable to risky behavior and influence of deviant peers.

13. Adolescent Brain
Studies reveal adolescent brain as still being a work in progress. Dramatic changes in brain structure involved with -emotion -judgment -organization of bx -self-control .. Can take place during puberty -Usage of particular parts of the brain within adolescence compared to adulthood may provide insight on why adolescents’ make unwise choices Immature brain development <pg427> -After growth spurt, the portion of grey matter located within the pre-frontal cortex is significantly smaller, due to synaptic pruning. unused: destroyed used: strengthened

14. Physical and Mental Health
Exercise affects both physical and mental health of adolescent.
Lots of benefits in sport participation
Health problems reduced
1/3 Hschoolers don’t engage in enough p.a.
Loss of Sleep insomnia due to sleep patterns
Melatonin

15. Nutrition and Eating Disorders
Obesity is a significant problem- pg 430
Sometimes the determination not to become overweight can yield additional problems
Body Image Problems and Media and Social Influences <431>
- Anorexia Nervosa/ Bulimia Nervosa
Abnormal food-intake patters
Including constant use of laxatives, erratic eating, self-starvation, binge eating, etc.

16. Anorexia Nervosa
Typically beginning in Adolescence, characterized by an obsessive preoccupation with being thin.
Anorexics: 15 below NBW, have a distorted body image and think they’re fat.
2 Types (R&P)
(1) Self-starvation, often accompanied by compulsive, excessive exercise.***
(2) binge eating, purging or both along with laxatives.****
-Highest death-rate/suicide rate of any mental disorder.
Wear and tear on body medical complications

17. Bulimia Nervosa
In bulimia Nervosa, a person regularly goes on huge eating binges within a short time, usually 2 hours or less, and then may try to undo the high caloric intake with self-induced vomiting, strict dieting or fasting, excessively vigorous exercise, or laxatives, enemas, or diuretics to purge the body.
Not abnormally underweight (may even be overweight)
More common than anorexia (3%men/women)
Little evidence of bulimia historically
Obsessed with their weight and shape.

18. Use and Abuse of Drugs
Substance abuse: harmful use of alcohol or other drugs
Can lead to substance dependence (addiction)
Physiological
Psychological, or both.
Addictive drugs are especially dangerous in adolescence bc they stimulate pars of brain that are changing in adolescence
Negatively impacting development of child
Risk factors: difficult temperament; poor impulse control and a tendency to seek out sensation; family influences (genetic predisposition) ; early and persistent bx problems (particularly aggression); academic failure.
-Early use leads to greater tendency for drug abuse

19. Influences on Smoking/Drinking
As with hard drugs, the influence of older siblings and their friends increases the likelihood of tobacco and alcohol use in younger adolescents.
Counteracted by:
Rational Discussion with Parents
Discouraging or limiting drinking
Media Influences
Depictions of smoking/drinking and other drug use increase and influence likelihood of adolescent participation in such acts

20. Depression
Characterized by irritability, boredom and/or inability to experience pleasure.
Subject to Depression : Girls> Boys
During Maturation
Risk Factors:
Anxiety, fear of social contact, stressful life events, chronic illnesses such as diabetes or epilepsy, parent-child conflict, abuse or neglect, alcohol and drug use, sexual activity, and having a parent w/ history of depression.
1:5 Bipolar (mania, depressive)

21. Death in Adolescence 2006: 71% of adolescent death (ages 10-24) due to
Motor vehicle crashes, homicide, unintentional injuries, and suicide.
Suicide- readily available guns
Generally, boys 5X more successful
GLBT- unusually high suicide rates and attempted suicide rates
Young people engaging in suicidal acts have histories of emotional illness, typically.
Can be reduced by the presence of: sense of connectedness to family and school, emotional well-being, and academic achievement.
Telephone Hotlines- Common Intervention

22. Protective Factors: Health in Context
Study of 12,118
7-12th Graders- looked at risk/protective factors affecting four major aspects of adolescence.
Emotional Distress and Suicidal Bx
Involvement in fighting, threats of violence, or use of weapons
Use of cigarettes, alcohol and Marijuana
Sexual experience, including age of sexual initiation and any history of pregnancy.
Adolescence who get emotional support at home and are well-adjusted at school have the best chances of avoiding the health hazards of adolescence