1. RISE of Dictatorships

2. Josef Stalin 1917 Bolshevik Revolution - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Russian Civil War ( )
- Reds vs. Whites
- 15 million die
- Trotsky organized Red Army
War Communism ( )
- no private property & no money
- didn’t work; couldn’t trade with other countries

3. New Economic Policy (NEP) 1922-1928
- allowed banks, small businesses, & farms
Lenin dies (1924)
- left letter warning against Stalin
Stalin takes power (1927)
- exiles Trotsky to Siberia

4. Dictatorships in Europe post WWI
Totalitarian states: where the gov’t had total control of people’s lives
people seen as servants of the state
media-schools-literature-movies=used to promote government ideas
Wanted to remodel society and conquer other lands
Came into conflict with Western democracies

5. Italy Mad about Treaty of Versailles (land)
Depression (1919) unemployed soldiers
Benito Mussolini
Working-class (initially Socialist)
Journalist
Fierce nationalist (moved right politically)
Formed new political party in 1919=Fasci di Combattimento (Fascist Party)

6. Fascism Absolute power of the state
Single-party system with a strong ruler
Corporatism (state controls the economy, but defended private property & no unions)
Extreme nationalism
Violence and terror to control people/dissenters
Militarism & Imperialism (believe great nations conquer weak ones)

7. Mussolini in Italy
To landowners he promised to protect private property
To workers he promised full employment and benefits
To nationalists he promised to return Italy to former greatness (Roman Empire)
Followers=“Blackshirts” (thugs and gangsters)
1922 March on Rome—Mussolini named PM

8. Mussolini the Dictator
1924 Blackshirts used force during election=no democracy=Fascist majority
Majority Italians thought he was great—order and no communist revolution
Built up Italian armed forces
Sparked patriotism and nationalism
Destiny=recapture glory of ancient Rome

9. What do you know?
What do you already know about how Hitler came to power, his early life, his dictatorship?
Take a moment to think and then we will discuss!

10. The Weimar Republic 1919-1933 Germany had democratic republic
Many Germans thought Weimar leaders had betrayed them by accepting Treaty
Told France they couldn’t pay $33 billion
Fr troops marched in to Ruhr Valley
1923 Inflation (9 marks = 1 dollar in 1919)
(25 billion marks = 1 dollar in 1923)
Wiped out people savings

11. Adolf Hitler Born in Austria Joined German army in WWI
Believed in “Stab in the Back” myth
Worked as a spy for German government
- National Socialist German Workers Party
- quit job and joined party > became leader
1923 Beer Hall Putsch
- arrested; wrote “Mein Kampf in prison”

12. Spain
King Alfonso XIII ( ) was in constant conflict with Spanish politicians.
- He was anti-democratic.
Miguel Primo de Rivera led a military coup in 1923.
- Alfonso gave his support to Rivera's military dictatorship.

13. Rivera promised to eliminate corruption and to regenerate Spain.
- He suspended the constitution, established martial law and imposed a strict system of censorship.
He tried to reduce unemployment by spending money on public works.
(caused inflation)
- After losing support of the army, he was forced to resign in 1930.
When the Spanish people voted overwhelmingly for a republic in 1931, Alfonso went into exile.

14. 1936 Popular Front
- left wing parties form government
- reforms hurt wealthy aristocracy
Spanish Civil War (1936 – 1939)
- Falange; group of right wing parties
- In 1936, army leaders, favoring a Fascist style government join General Francisco Franco in a revolt
Hitler & Mussolini send troops, tanks, & planes to help Franco’s forces - called the Nationalists

15. Francisco Franco