1. Chapter 23

2. An Uncertain Peace: Search for Security
Weaknesses of the League of Nations
U.S. did not join
Only weapon against aggression was economic sanctions
U.S. & G.B didn’t form defensive alliances with France
The French Policy of Coercion (1919 – 1924)
Desire for strict enforcement the Treaty of Versailles
France forms alliance with Little Entente (Czech, Yugoslavia, Romania)
Allied Reparations Commission, April 1921 $33 billion
Paid in annual installments of 2.5 billion gold marks
Germany unable to pay in 1922
French occupation of the Ruhr Valley
Chief industrial & mining center
German government begins printing money to pay debt
German mark fall to 4.2 trillion to $1, end of November 1923

3. The Little Entente France allies with Czech, Yugoslavia, & Romania

4. The Great Depression Problems in domestic economies
Loan debt, strength of unions, & trade tariffs
International financial crisis
Crash of the American stock market, October 1929
American investors pulled $ out of European markets to cope with losses in American Stock market
Downturn in domestic economies
Overproduction causes a drop in agricultural prices (wheat)
Cheaper energy sources (oil & electricity) lead to a slump in coal industry
Unemployment
Germany 40%, Britain & U.S. 25%
Banks failed, industrialists scaled back production

5. The Democratic States Great Britain
Labour Party failed to solve problems
Coalition (Liberals & Conservatives) claimed credit for prosperity
Got them out of the worst stages of the depression
John Maynard Keynes ( )
Keynes says the government should create jobs (public works)
Deficit spending would create jobs and thereby increase demand for goods

6. Conservative National Bloc government led by Raymond Poincare
France
Conservative National Bloc government led by Raymond Poincare
Took a hard stance against Germany (reparations & Ruhr occupation)
Could not solve financial problems (Poincare stabilized the economy from )
Great Depression brought political chaos
Popular Front (coalition of Socialists & Radicals) was formed in 1936 out of fear of extremists
French “New Deal” – Established 40 hour work week, collective bargaining, two week vacations, & minimum wage
Policies helped a little but failed to solve the problems of the Depression

7. The United States Herbert Hoover, (1929-1933)
Franklin D. Roosevelt, ( )
New Deal
Provided social reforms that helped avert a possible social revolution
Public works projects
Brought partial economic recovery
World War II ends the depression
Full employment to do wartime industries

8. European States and the World: Colonial Empires
Despite WWI, Europeans kept their colonial empires
France & G.B. even added to theirs by dividing Germany’s colonial possession
Political and social foundations and the self-confidence of European imperialism was undermined during the 1920s and 1930s.
Rising tide of unrest in Asia and Africa against imperialism
Increasing worker activism, rural protest, rising national fervor

9. The Middle East India Africa Division of Ottoman Empire
New regimes in Turkey & Iran
European influence remained strong in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan & Palestine
Turkey
Colonel Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk – “Father Turk”) (1923)
Made a conscious effort to adopt a Westernized secular culture after WWI
India
Mohandas Gandhi (1869 – 1948)
Used civil disobedience against British imperialism to win self rule for India
Africa
Protest movements
Demands for independence from colonial rule came from Africans who were educated in Europe and the United States

10. Retreat from Democracy: The Authoritarian and Totalitarian States
Totalitarianism
By 1939 only France and Great Britain are only major democratic states in Europe
Totalitarianism regimes in Germany, Italy, & the Soviet Union Hoped to control every aspect of their citizens’ lives
The modern totalitarian state
Active commitment of citizens
Mass propaganda techniques
High speed communication – radio, film
Led by single leader and single party

11. Fascist Italy Impact of World War I Birth of Fascism
Italians angry over failure to receive territory after World War I
Received Trieste, wanted Fiume & Dalmatia (went to Yugoslavia)
Fascist movement aided by nationalistic resentment toward Italy’s treatment following WWI
Birth of Fascism
Benito Mussolini ( )
Growth of the socialist party – largest party spoke of a revolution
Squadristi, armed bands of Fascists who used violence to intimidate enemies
attacked socialist offices & newspapers
Fascist movement gains support from industrialists (squadristi were breaking up strikes, protecting capitalism)
March on Rome, 1922
King Victor Emmanuel made Mussolini Prime Minister
The next day, Mussolini’s blackshirts marched on Rome to give the illusion of a military take over
Italy becomes the first fascist state in Europe

12. Mussolini and the Italian Fascist State
Fascist Government
All parties outlawed, 1926 – Fascist dictatorship established
Government censorship enforced by OVRA – secret police
Mussolini’s view of a Fascist state
Unity, values, state above all else
“Mussolini is always right!” – propaganda slogan
Young Fascists
Program to indoctrinate young people to fascist ideals
Family is the pillar of the state
Reinforced stereotypes about women
Women should stay home and make babies
Mussolini’s Fascist Italy never achieves the degree of totalitarianism like Germany or Soviet Union
Lateran Accords, February 1929
Established Vatican City
Provided Funding
Established Catholicism as the state religion

13. Hitler and Nazi Germany
Weimar Germany
No outstanding leaders
Paul von Hindenberg elected president, 1925
Great Depression
The Emergence of Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler ( )
Vienna
Influenced by politics & ideology (anti-semitism & German nationalism)
Moved to Munich & fought for Germany in WWI
The Rise of the Nazis
German Workers’ Party
Took control of party
Renamed it the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), 1921 (Nazis)
Sturmabteilung (SA), Storm Troops

14. Hitler and Nazi Germany (cont)
The Nazi Seizure of Power
Munich Beer Hall Putsch, November 1923
Attempted takeover of Germany, modeled after Mussolini’s fascist takeover of Italy
Hitler imprisoned
Wrote Mein Kampf, (My Struggle)
Autobiography outlining Hitler’s ideology of Aryan supremacy & anti-Semitism
Lebensraum (living space) (linked to Social Darwinism)
Reorganization of the party
New strategies
Focused on taking power through constitutional means

15. Nazi party largest in the Reichstag after 1932 election
Successful in making the Nazi party appeal to all segments of German society
Support from right-wing elites
Becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933
Reichstag fire, February 27, 1933
Successes in 1933 election
Enabling Act, March 23, 1933
Amendment to the Weimar Constitution
Provided legal basis for Hitler’s acts
Gleichschaltung, coordination of all institutions under Nazi control
Night of the Long Knives
Hitler has Ernst Rohm and other SA leaders killed
President Paul von Hindenburg dies, August 2, 1934

16. The Nazi State (1933-1939) Parliamentary republic dismantled
Mass demonstrations and spectacles to create collective fellowship
Nuremberg was the largest annual demonstration
Constant rivalry in politics gives Hitler power
Economics and the drop in unemployment
Controlled the working class through mandatory membership in Nazi-sponsored German Labor Front
Helped the economy by government spending rearming Germany
Heinrich Himmler and the SS
Controlled the secret police and later the death camps
Carried out the racial and terrorist policies of the Nazis
Used the SS for terror & ideology

17. Churches, schools, and universities brought under Nazi control
Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth) and Bund deutscher Mädel (League of German Maidens)
Influence of Nazi ideas on working women
Expected to be housewives and child bearers
Aryan Racial State
Nuremberg laws, September 1935
Separated Jews from Germans politically, socially & legally
Kristallnacht, November 9-10, 1938
Organized riots against Jewish businesses and synagogues
Restrictions on Jews

18. The Soviet Union New Economic Policy
Modified form of the capitalist system (NEP)
Peasants and small show keepers could sell products
Saved economy from collapse
Union of Socialist Republics established, 1922
Revived economy
Lenin suffers strokes, ( )
Division
Leon Trotsky
Military leader
Goes into hiding after Stalin takes over
Joseph Stalin
General Party Secretary – appointed regional Communist positions, which aided his emergence as the leader of the Communist party

19. The Stalinist Era, (1929-1939) Rapid collectivization of agriculture
First Five Year Plan, 1928
Emphasis on industry
Real wages declined
Use of propaganda
Rapid collectivization of agriculture
Famine of ; 10 million peasants died
Political Control
Stalin’s dictatorship established, 1929
Political purge, ;
Millions of ordinary citizens arrested and sent to force labor camps in Siberia.
8 million arrested, millions never returned

20. Authoritarianism in Eastern Europe
Conservative Authoritarian Governments
Dominant form of government in Eastern Europe in 1920s and 1930s
Eastern Europe
Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia adopted parliamentary systems
Czechoslovakia is the only eastern European nation to maintain political democracy in the 1930s
Romania and Bulgaria gained new parliamentary constitutions
Greece became a republic
Hungary parliamentary in form; controlled by landed aristocrats
Problems
Little or no tradition of liberalism and parliamentary form
Rural and agrarian society
Ethnic conflicts

21. Dictatorship in the Iberian Peninsula
General Miguel Primo de Rivera and the End of Parliamentary Government (1923)
The Spanish Civil War
The Popular Front – anti-fascist group
General Francisco Franco (1892 – 1975)
Fascist military leader
Foreign intervention
Popular Front gets supplies from Soviets
Franco gets supplies and military help from Germany & Italy
Franco emerges victorious (March 28, 1939)
Establishes a conservative, authoritarian, and anti-democratic regime backed by the Spanish Catholic Church
The Franco Regime
Traditional, conservative, dictatorship
Portugal
Antonio Salazar (1889 – 1970)
Finance Minister and leader of military group that overthrows the government