1. World History
Fall 2014
THE REFORMATION

2. The Protestant Reformation
In this lesson, students will be able to define the following terms:
Indulgences
Martin Luther
Ninety-five Theses
Excommunication
Protestants
E. Napp

3. REFORMATION
Movement for religious reform started by Martin Luther and his 95 Theses

4. MARTIN LUTHER – Catholic Monk
95 Theses
Formal
statements
challenging
church practices
Indulgences Selling of Pardons
Buy way into Heaven

5. MARTIN LUTHER’S IDEAS
Only through personal faith in Jesus Christ could a person be saved
All Church teachings should be based solely on the Bible; Pope & Church traditions were false authorities
All people with faith were equal-did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them

6. PROBLEMS IN THE CHURCH SPENDING MONEY LOWER CLERGY
Art, Pleasures, Wars
LOWER CLERGY
Cannot read (illiterate)
Marrying, Gambling, Drinking

7. RENAISSANCE SPREAD IDEAS Focus on individual, not church Secularism – focus on worldly matters instead of spiritual. Printing Press

8. EDICT OF WORMS Declared Luther a heretic & outlaw
All his books were to be burned
No one was to feed or shelter him
EDICT OF WORMS

9. Returned to Wittenberg a year later to witness the adoption of many of his ideals. No longer Catholic Reform, now separate religion called “Lutherans”

10. PROTESTANTS
In 1529, German princes who remained loyal to the Pope, agreed to rise up against Luther
Princes who supported Luther, signed an agreement protesting the uprising; thus coming to be known as “Protestants”

11. PEACE OF AUGSBURG
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V won battle against Protestant princes, but couldn’t force them back into the Catholic Church
Met in Augsburg to end war over religion in Germany in 1555 & agreed that each prince would choose the religion for their respective states

12. Today, “Protestant” is commonly used to refer to Christians that belong to non-Catholic churches

13. REFORMATION IN ENGLAND
Henry VIII, King of England, was a devout Catholic
Needed a male heir, but had a daughter Mary, with wife Catherine of Aragon
Wanted a divorce, but Pope refused, mainly as not to offend Catherine’s nephew Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor)

14. REFORMATION IN ENGLAND
Henry called the “Reformation Parliament” into session ending the Pope’s power in England
Parliament legalized his divorce & he married Anne Boleyn.
1534, Parliament approved the Act of Supremacy, making the king of England the official head of the church, not the pope

15. REFORMATION IN ENGLAND
Henry closed all monasteries; seized wealth & lands, increasing his royal power and treasury
Eventually beheaded Anne Boleyn and married four more times
Third wife finally produced a son, Edward

17. HENRY’S 3 HEIRS TO THRONE
1. Edward rules for 6 years & Protestants gain power
2. Mary restores Catholicism to England, returns rule of the church to the Pope, & kills many Protestants (Bloody Mary)
3. Elizabeth rules next; restores Protestantism

18. ELIZABETHAN AGE Elizabeth I is Queen of England
Reformation in England
Sets up a national church, much like the one under Henry VIII.
People were required to attend or pay fine
Parliament declares Elizabeth head of the Church of England (aka) Anglican Church

19. ANGLICAN CHURCH
Elizabeth sets up a state church that both moderate Catholics & moderate Protestants can attend
Protestant priests could marry; Catholics kept golden crucifixes & rich robes
Revised Book of Common Prayer

20. JOHN CALVIN Born in France Gave order to the faith Luther had begun
Published Institutes of the Christian Religion expressing his beliefs about God, salvation, & human nature.

21. CALVINISM
Men & women are sinful by nature
Humans cannot earn salvation
God has selected those saved already (“elect”)
Predestination – God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved

22. Official religion of Scotland
CALVINISM SPREADS
Official religion of Scotland
Churches governed by a few elders or “presbyters” leading to Presbyterian
In France, Calvin’s followers were Huguenots

23. PROTESTANT GROUPS
Protestants believed the Bible was the source of all truth and all people should read it to discover those truths
As people interpreted the Bible for themselves, new Protestant groups formed over differences in belief

24. CATHOLIC REFORMATION Ignatius of Loyola
Wrote Spiritual Exercises, gained many followers
Pope made Ignatius’s followers a religious order called Society of Jesus; more commonly called Jesuits

25. JESUIT’S THREE ACTIVITIES
Founded superb schools throughout Europe
Convert non-Christians to Catholicism by sending out missionaries
Stop Protestantism from spreading
Zeal prevented the spread of Protestantism in Poland & Southern Germany

26. COUNCIL OF TRENT – Reform
Church’s interpretation of Bible was final
Faith & good works needed for salvation; not saved by faith alone as Luther argued
Bible & Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life
Indulgences were valid expressions of faith

27. Inquisition

28. REFORMATION EFFECTS
Protestant churches flourished; despite wars and persecutions
Religion no longer united Europe
As the Church’s power declined, monarchs & states gained power paving the way for modern nation-states
Reformers successful revolt against Church authority laid the groundwork for a rejection of Christian belief that occurred in Western culture in later centuries