1. By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY
Final Regents Review:
The Middle Ages
By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY

2. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: – 1250
Late Middle Ages:

3. Europe in the 6c

4. Charlemagne: 742 to 814

5. Charlemagne’s Empire

6. Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

7. Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses: Treaty of Verdun, 843

8. The Medieval Catholic Church
filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world. Only
institution to survive
monasticism:
St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.
monks  missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

9. Illuminated Manuscripts

10. Religious officials had different ranks within the church structure
The Clergy
Religious officials had different ranks within the church structure

11. Power of the Church
Provided a unifying set of spiritual beliefs and rituals
Created a system of justice to guide peoples conduct – Canon Law – the law of the church
political, economic, social lives of people
excommunication – banishment
interdict – the denial of sacraments - important religious ceremonies (baptism, last rights)
Peace of God 989-prohibited stealing church property, assaulting clerics, peasants, women
War in defense of Christendom only war pleasing to God
Truce of God outlawed fighting from Thursday to Monday morning, on feast days,

12. Kings >> conflict with the Church
Mid 700’s., Kings and nobles tried to take power from church.
Kings appointed their own people/ relatives to church positions, such as bishops and cardinals Lay Investiture

13. Kings >> conflict with the Church
936 Otto I Roman Empire of German Nation.
King Henry IV refused Pope’s edict banning lay investiture 1075
Pope excommunicated King Henry IV
Canossa Henry begs forgiveness
Concordat of Worms 1122
Popes appoint bishops
Emperor’s can veto

14. Problems within the Church
Marrying of priests
Simony
Lay investiture

15. Church Reform Cluny – Benedictine Monastery
strict enforcement of Benedict” Rule
300 more monasteries
Curia (Pope’s advisors) Canon Law
marriage, divorce, inheritance
set up hospitals for poor and ill.
Friars
preached to poor and lived off begging
Domicans – scholars
Franciscans – helped sick and poor

16. Romanesque Architectural Style
Rounded Arches.
Barrel vaults.
Thick walls.
Darker, simplistic interiors.
Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

17. Interior of a Romanesque Cathedral

18. Gothic Cathedral Architectural Style
Began in France in the 12c.
Pointed arches.
Flying buttresses.
Stained glass windows.
Elaborate, ornate interior.
Taller, more airy --> lots of light.
Lavish sculpture --> larger-than-life.

19. Interior of a Gothic Cathedral

20. Interior of a Gothic Cathedral

21. St. Etienne, Bourges, late 12c
“Flying” Buttresses

23. Crusades
The Crusades were a series of battles between Christians and Muslims in the Middle East.
Christian knights wanted to take the Holy Land and give it back to Christians

24. Causes 1093 Muslims invading Byzantine Empire Urban II
Underlying reasons:
chance for fortune by lesser sons
chance to get rid of unruly knights
chance for salvation

25. Why was Constantinople so important geographically?

26. The Crusades There were a total of 7/9 Crusades
First Crusade began in 1059; 9 last one ends in 1272
Crusaders marched to Constantinople killing and looting along the way
Crusaders take Jerusalem in 1099
Need Second Crusade to hold it
Jerusalem falls to Muslims in 1187
Fourth Crusade to retake; sack Constantinople

27. Impact of the Crusades Persecution of Jews and Muslims
Economic development via trade
Kings and popes, gained power as a result.

28. Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

29. The Medieval Manor

30. Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work

31. The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE

32. The Age of Chivalry
The mounted Knights were the most important part of an Army
Professional solders – main obligation was to serve in battle
Rewarded with land
Devoted lives to war
Three Objects of Loyalty
Heavenly Lord
Earthly Lord
His Lady

33. Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior

34. Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle

35. Parts of a Medieval Castle

36. Medieval Trade

37. Late Medieval Town Dwellings

38. Medieval Guilds Guild Hall
Commercial Monopoly:
Controlled membership apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
Controlled prices

39. Crest of a Cooper’s Guild

40. The Rise of European Monarchies: England

41. William the Conqueror: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry)

42. Consequences of the Battle of Hastings
English lords lose land to 200 Norman lords
English Kings own land in both France and England
English Kings technically vassal to king of France.

43. Evolution of England’s Political System
Henry I:
William’s son.
set up a court system.
Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.
Henry II:
established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.
grand jury.
trial by jury.

44. Evolution of England’s Political System
Henry I:
William’s son.
set up a court system.
Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.
Henry II:
established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.
grand jury.
trial by jury.

45. Magna Carta, 1215 Runnymeade “Great Charter”
King John I
Runnymeade
“Great Charter”
monarchs were not above the law.
kings had to consult a council of advisors.
kings could not tax arbitrarily.

46. The Beginnings of the British Parliament
Great Council:
middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.
eventually called Parliament.
by 1400, two chambers evolved:
House of Lords  nobles & clergy.
House of Commons  knights and burgesses.

47. The Rise of European Monarchies: France

48. Medieval Universities