1. The United States of American
A historic overview
The Cold war
US Civil Rights Movement
Yeji & Shuyao

2. Cold War (1947-1991) The ideological conflict after World War Ⅱ
= Communist nations vs. Democratic nations
political
Communist vs. Democratic
economical
Communist vs. Capitalism
USSR vs. NATO
USSR : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
= Soviet Union + all eastern and central
Europe
NATO : The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
= Western Europe + United States

3. The cause of Cold War The end of Cold War
Ideological, economic and political differences between the Soviet Union and U.S.
The end of Cold War
after the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.
Factors
Declined ideology of the Soviet Union
Failure of the Soviet Union’s economy
Results
The United States = the dominant military power
Russia = possessed most of the Soviet Union’s nuclear arsenal

4. Senator McCarthy Joseph Raymond McCarthy (11.14.1908~5.3.2957) Claim
An American politician
Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin
Claim
Hundreds of Communists had infiltrated the State Department and other federal agencies.

5. Anticommunist campaign
Investigating fraud and waste in the executive branch
Hunting for Communists
Attacking a number of politicians and other individuals inside and outside of government
Using charges of communism, communist sympathies, or disloyalty
McCarthyism
Describing the making of accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence.

6. Space Race
Mid-to-late twentieth century competition between USSR and USA(1957~1975)
For supremacy in outer space exploration
Beginning
The Soviet launch of the Sputnik1 artificial satellite ( )
Conclusion
The co-operative Apollo-Soyuz Test Project human spaceflight mission ( )
= Symbolizing détente between the USA and USSR

7. Role the ideological and technological rivalry between the two nation
Causing extraordinary increases in spending on education and research
Resulted in scientific advancement spin-off technologies
The birth of the environmental movement
The first time to see a full circular earth

8. Brown v. Board of Education
A landmark decision of the United States
Supreme Court in 1954
Role
Motivation
Integration
Civil rights movement

9. The plaintiffs Oliver L. Brown and thirteen Topeka parents
On behalf of their twenty children
Parents and African American
Calling for the school district to reverse its policy of racial segregation

10. Background Race relation Race Segregation
Approved by Plessy v. Ferguson case in 1896
Background
Race relation Race Segregation
Separate but equal treatment for both white and black
BUT! Inferior accommodations, services, and treatment for black Americans
Racial segregation in education was different on each states.

11. Root of the case District Court
Brown’s daughter, Linda, a third grader
Segregated black school = six blocks to school bus
stop, one mile away
Segregated white school = seven blocks to the school
The parents including Brown
Trial to enter their children in the closest
neighborhood school
District Court
Ruled in favor of the Board of Education
Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896
= The U.S. Supreme Court precedent set
Stood by a state law
ordering “separate but equal”
segregated facilities for
blacks and whites in railway cars

12. Conclusion of Supreme Court
UNCONSTITUTIONAL
Conclusion of Supreme Court
State laws
establishing separate public schools for black and white students
denying black children equal educational opportunities
Social Outcome
Integration of the Topeka middle schools since 1941
Integration of the Topeka elementary schools since 1953

13. Desegregation at Little Rock, Arkansas , 1957
After “Brown v. Board of Education ”
In 1957, nine African- American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School ,a all-white school by NAACP(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People )
Governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus called out the National Guard to prevent them from entering school.

14. Desegregation at Little Rock, Arkansas , 1957
The nine students were harassed by white protesters on first few days

15. Desegregation at Little Rock, Arkansas , 1957
President Eisenhower warned the governor not to interfere with the Supreme Court's ruling.
The nine students had to be protected by U.S Army to school.
Only one of the Little Rock Nine, Ernest Green, got the chance to graduate.

16. Rosa Parks
Rosa Louise McCauley Parks
(February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005)
an African American civil rights activist.
On December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks, age 42, refused to give up her seat to a white passenger which was illegal according to Montgomery’s law.

17. Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955
Parks was arrested and her action sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Demand
oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system
Result
a heavy financial blow for the Montgomery public transit system.

18. Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955
On November 13, 1956, the United States Supreme Court declared racial segregation on buses operating unconstitutional.
The boycott lasted for 381 days until the local ordinance segregating African-Americans and whites on public buses was lifted.

19. Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
(January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968)
An American clergyman, activist
A prominent leader in the African
American civil rights movement.
Claim
Ending racial discrimination through civil disob edience and other nonviolent means.

20. March on Washington,1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
a large political rally in support of civil and economic rights for African-Americans
King delivered " I Have a Dream " speech which he called for racial equality and an end to discrimination .

21. King’s key Event Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955 March on Washington,1963
the Nobel Peace Prize,1964
Opposition to the Vietnam War,1965
Assassination on April 4, 1968, at the age of 39

22. Credits o Senator McCarthy
o Space Race
o Brown v. Board of Education
o Desegregation at Little Rock, Arkansas
detail.aspx?entryID=718
o Rosa Parks
o Martin Luther King, Jr.

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