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Taxonomy 1 Naming and grouping organisms according to morphology and relationships
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Aristotle was first to classify living things:
2 Aristotle was first to classify living things: Plants Animals herbs shrubs trees land air water
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Grouped organisms into hierarchical categories
3 Carolus Linnaeus Grouped organisms into hierarchical categories Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Single organism type Species
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Classification Taxa of Domestic Dog -an example-
4 Classification Taxa of Domestic Dog -an example- Wolf is Canis lupus
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Classification Hierarchy
Man Dog Wolf Nostoc Black-eyed susan Kingdom Animalia Eubacteria Plantae Phylum Chordata Cyanophycota Anthophyta Class Mammalia Cyanophyceae Dicotyledones Order Primates Carnivora Oscillatoriales Companulales Family Hominidae Canidae Nostochaceae Composita Genus Homo Canis Rudbeckia Species Homo sapiens Canis familiaries Canis lupis Nostoc commune Rudbeckia serotina Which two organisms are most closely related to each other? Which two organisms are least closely related to each other?
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Binomial Nomenclature
5 Binomial Nomenclature “2-word naming system” Homo sapiens Linnaeus 2nd word: specific epithet, or descriptive 1st word: genus name Latin, Italicized, st word capitalized, 2nd word lowercase sapiens = “wise”
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Other scientific names:
Felis domesticus Escherichia coli Gorilla gorilla Magnolia grandiflora Gromphordorhina portentosa Chaos chaos
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Why scientific names? Common names can be misleading and confusing!
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Classifying organisms based on evolutionary history
6 Phylogeny Classifying organisms based on evolutionary history Relationships determined from fossil records, morphology, embryology, and biochemistry
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Uses derived characters to determine evolutionary relationship
7 Cladistics Uses derived characters to determine evolutionary relationship Derived character: trait that evolved only in group under consideration If group is birds, then what would be the derived character? FEATHERS! b/c feathers are absent in all other animals, they must have evolved within bird group, not inherited from ancestor
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Only groups branching above a derived character share that trait
8 Organisms that share derived characters probably shared common ancestor Cladogram = ancestry diagram Only groups branching above a derived character share that trait
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Tree of Life for the Six Kingdoms
9 Tree of Life for the Six Kingdoms More complex organisms are at higher positions on tree!
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10 Dichotomous Keys Series of paired statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms. Aka CLASSIFICATION KEY
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Six Kingdoms of Life Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote Cell number
Archae- bacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote Cell number (uni- or multi-) Nutrition heterotroph or autotroph Examples
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Six Kingdoms of Life Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote Cell number
Archae- bacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote PROK. Cell number (uni- or multi) UNI- Nutrition heterotroph or autotroph BOTH Examples Extreme bacteria
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Six Kingdoms of Life Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote Cell number
Archae- bacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote PROK. Cell number (uni- or multi- UNI- Nutrition heterotroph or autotroph BOTH Examples Extreme bacteria E. coli, Staph
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Six Kingdoms of Life Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote Cell number
Archae- bacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote PROK. EUK. Cell number (uni- or multi-) UNI- BOTH Nutrition heterotroph or autotroph AUTO- Examples Extreme bacteria E. coli, Staph Amoeba, algae, seaweed
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Six Kingdoms of Life Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote Cell number
Archae- bacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote PROK. EUK. EUK- Cell number (uni- or multi-) UNI- BOTH Nutrition heterotroph or autotroph AUTO- HETERO Examples Extreme bacteria E. coli, Staph Amoeba, algae, seaweed Yeast, mold, ringworm
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Vertebrates insects, worms,etc
Six Kingdoms of Life Archae- bacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote PROK. EUK. EUK- Cell number (uni- or multi-) UNI- BOTH MULTI Nutrition heterotroph or autotroph AUTO- HETERO Examples Extreme bacteria E. coli, Staph Amoeba, algae, seaweed Yeast, mold, ringworm Vertebrates insects, worms,etc
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