1. Alcohols (R-OH) In an alcohol, a hydroxyl group
(-OH) replaces a hydrogen atom in an alkane.The ending (-e) is
changed to (-ol).
CH2=CH-CH2-CH2-OH
3-Buten-1-ol

2. Nomenclature of Alcohols
IUPAC names
The parent chain is the longest chain that contains the OH group.
Number the parent chain to give the OH group the lowest possible number.
Change the suffix -e to -ol.
Common names
Name the alkyl group bonded to oxygen followed by the word alcohol.

3. Naming Alcohols IUPAC name: We replace the -e in alkane name with -ol.
Common name: As simple alcohols using the name of the alkyl group followed by “alcohol”.
CH4 methane
CH3─OH methanol (methyl alcohol)
CH3─CH3 ethane
CH3─CH2─OH ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

4. Naming Alcohols CH3─CH2─CH2─OH 1-propanol OH │ CH3─CH─CH3 2-propanol
│ │
CH3─CH─CH2─CH2─CH─CH methyl-2-hexanol 3 2 1 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1

5. Physical Properties of Alcohols
Alcohols are polar molecules (because of O-H and C-O).
Hydrogen bonding between alcohol molecules.
Have higher boiling points than Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes.
4- More soluble in water (Molecular weight ↑ : solubility ↓).
5- They are weak acids (weaker than Phenol).
C-O: (3.5 – 2.5 = 1.0) O-H : (3.5 – 2.1 = 1.4) OH
polar
nonpolar

6. Chemical Properties of Alcohols
1. Acidity of Alcohols:
2. Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration:
H2SO4
CH3CH2OH
CH2 = CH2 + H2O
180°C
Dehydration
- C – C -
C = C + H20
Hydration H OH
3. Oxidation of Alcohols:

7. Oxidation of 1° Alcohols
In the oxidation [O] of a primary alcohol 1, one H is
removed from the –OH group and another H from the C
bonded to the –OH.
primary alcohol aldehyde
OH O
│ ║
CH3─C─H CH3─C─H + H2O │ H
ethanol ethanal
(ethyl alcohol) (acetaldehyde)
[O]
K2Cr2O7
H2SO4

8. Some important alcohols and it is uses;
1-methanol (CH3OH)
The simplest alcohol is found in many solvents and paint removers. It is sometimes called wood alcohol because
methanol is produced when wood is heated to high temperatures in the absence of air.
Methanol is prepared commercially by reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen gas at high temperatures and pressures.
C / 200Atm
CO + 2H CH3-OH
ZnO/Cr2O3 Catalyst

9. Methanol is a poisonous liquid, if ingested, methanol is oxidized to formaldehyde, which cause headaches, blindness, and death, because react rapidly with proteins of cells and cause denaturizing. O
Liver enzyme ║
CH3OH H-C-H
Methanol Formaldehyde

10. 2-Ethanol CH3CH2OH
In the hospital the word alcohol means ethanol, one important property of ethanol is ability to denature proteins by forming hydrogen bonds. Because of this property, ethanol (70%) is widely used as an antiseptic.

11. Ethanol is widely found in most homes as a solvent for pharmaceuticals
(Tinctures iodine in alcohol), colognes, perfumes, mouth washes, and hair sprays. ‘Gasohol’ is a mixture of ethanol and gasoline used as a fuel.

12. Ethanol, is used as a beverage, most of alcoholic beverages, are made by fermentation of starch or sugars.
Hydrolysis Zymase
Complex sugars C6H12O6
2CH3CH2OH +2CO2

13. Ethanol is toxic, extensive ingestion over along period of time leads to;
1-deterioration of the liver, a condition is known cirrhosis.
2-loss of memory.
3-strong physiological addiction.

14. 3- 2-propanol (isopropanol)
CH3-CHOH-CH3
Used as an astringent antiseptic, because it evaporates rapidly and cools the skin, reducing the size of blood vessels near the surface,
Used to clean the skin, before an injection or taking a blood sample. It is also used to sterilize equipment because it destroys bacteria by coagulating protein.

15. 4-Ethelene glycol (ethanediol) (dihydroxy alcohol) HO-CH2-CH2-OH
Is used as antifreeze in heating and cooling systems, it is also a solvent for paints, inks, and plastics, and is used in the preparation of fibers such as Dacron.

16. If ingested, it is extremely toxic
If ingested, it is extremely toxic. In the body, it is oxidized to oxalic acid, which forms insoluble salts in the kidneys that cause renal damage, convulsions, and death. Because it sweet taste is attractive to pets and children, ethylene glycol solutions must be carefully stored.
[O]
HO-CH2-CH2-OH HOOC-COOH

17. 5-(Glycerol, Glycerin, 1, 2, 3-propanetriol) [tri hydroxyl alcohol]
Is a constituent of fats, it is produced from hydrolysis of all fats.
Lipase
TG + 3H2O Glycerol + fatty acids

18. It is used in production of the nitroglycerin (Glyceryl tri nitrate).
H2SO4
Glycerol + 3HNO Nitroglycerin H2O

19. Nitroglycerin
It is used to relive angina pectoris (pain in the chest), it has an effect of relaxing cardiac muscle and smooth muscle in the smaller vessel it was provide in small tablet of ( mg) under the tongue, or applied to the skin as cream.

20. Reactions of alcohols; 1-Dehydration
H2SO4
CH3-CH2-OH CH2=CH2
+H2O
2-Ester formation
ACID
R-OH +R`-COOH R`COOR
+ H2O

21. 3-Oxidation Primary alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes; [O] [O]
RCH2-OH RCHO RCOOH
Secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones;
[O]
RCH-OH RCOR` │ R`

22. Oxidation of alcohols in living systems
The oxidation of alcohols is an important reaction in living systems, enzymes called dehydrogenases catalyze these reactions.
Example is the oxidation of malate to oxalo acetate
Malate dehydogenase
Malate +NAD Oxalo acetate +NADH +H