1. Three Types of Service-Sector Jobs
Consumer services (50% of all service jobs in U.S.)
Retail, Education, Health, Leisure
Business services (25% of all service jobs in U.S.)
Professional, Financial, Transportation
Public services (10% of all service jobs in U.S.)
Government, Security and Protection

2. where are consumer services distributed?

3. Where Are Consumer Services Distributed?
Market Area of a Service
A central place is a market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area.
It is centrally located to maximize accessibility.
A market area, or hinterland, is the area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted.
Remember “nodal” or “functional” region!

4. Where Are Consumer Services Distributed?
Christaller’s Central Place Theory s
Based on study of southern Germany
Larger towns or cities offer more consumer services and more specialized services
Helps identify the most profitable location for a consumer service

5. Where Are Consumer Services Distributed?
Nesting of Services and Settlements:
Central place theory suggests that market areas across a developed country would be shaped as a series of hexagons of various sizes, unless interrupted by physical features.
Four different levels of market area exist:
Hamlet (smallest)
Village
Town
City (largest)

6. Christaller’s Central Place Theory
FIGURE CENTRAL PLACE THEORY According to central place theory, market areas are arranged in a regular pattern. Larger market areas, based in larger settlements, are fewer in number and farther apart from each other than smaller market areas and settlements. However, larger settlements also provide goods and services with smaller market areas; consequently, larger settlements have both larger and smaller market areas drawn around them.

8. CENTRAL PLACE THEORY IN NORTH DAKOTA
FIGURE CENTRAL PLACE THEORY IN NORTH DAKOTA Central place theory helps explain the distribution of settlements of varying sizes in North Dakota. Larger settlements are fewer and farther apart, whereas smaller settlements are more numerous and closer together
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY IN NORTH DAKOTA
Central place theory helps explain the distribution of settlements of varying sizes in North Dakota. Larger settlements are fewer and farther apart, whereas smaller settlements are more numerous and closer together

9. Range and Threshold of a Market Area
The range of a service is the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use it.
People travel short distances for everyday services – for example, groceries and hair cuts
People travel greater distances for services offered exclusively in specific places – for example, concerts, professional sporting events, specialized medical care
The threshold of a service is the minimum number of people needed to support the service.

10. Hierarchy of Consumer Services
Small settlements provide consumer services that have:
smaller thresholds
shorter ranges
smaller market areas
low-order goods like food and household items that are purchased often and can keep small businesses going

11. Larger settlements provide consumer services that have:
larger thresholds
longer ranges
larger market areas
high-order goods like cars and furniture that are purchased less frequently (businesses must locate in larger cities to survive)

12. Christaller’s Assumptions
No topographic barriers
Evenly dispersed rural population between urban areas
People have similar incomes
People will purchase goods and services at the location nearest to them
When demand is high, the good or service will be offered in close proximity to the population

13. Primate Cities
If no other city in a country even comes close to rivaling the largest city in terms of size or influence, the city is a primate city
Serves as the financial, political, and population center of a country
Often, but not always, the capital city
A primate city must be more than twice as populous as the next largest city (“disproportionately large”)
Not all countries have primate cities
Often found in less developed countries

14. Examples of Primate Cities
France: Paris (2.2 million); next is Marseilles with 800,000
United Kingdom: London (6.9 million); next is Birmingham with 1 million
Mexico: Mexico City (9.8 million in the city; 16.6 million in the metropolitan area); next is Guadalajara with 1.7 million
Thailand: Bangkok (5.9 million); next is Nakhon Ratchasima with 278,000
Bangkok has been called “the most primate city on earth” because it is 40 times larger than Nakhon Ratchasima

15. Countries without Primate Cities
India's most populous city is Mumbai (formerly Bombay) with 9.9 million; second is Delhi with 7 million, third is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) with 4.4 million, and fourth is Chennai (formerly Madras) with 3.8 million.
With the New York City metropolitan area population at approximately 20.1 million, second ranked Los Angeles at 15.8 million, and even third ranked Chicago at 8.8 million, the United States lacks a primate city.
China, Canada, Australia, and Brazil are additional examples of non-primate-city countries.

16. Countries without a Primate City

17. Rank-Size Rule Developed by G.K. Zipf in 1949
Describes the pattern of urban area sizes in complex economies where urbanization is well-established, such as the U.S.
The nth largest city will be 1/n the size of the largest city
For example, the 2nd largest city will be ½ the size of the largest city
The 5th largest city will be 1/5 the size of the largest city
Often seen in more developed countries

19. Rank-size distribution in U.S. and Mexico
FIGURE RANK-SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SETTLEMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO The size of settlements follows the rank-size rule in the United States and the primate city rule in Mexico.
The size of settlements follows the rank-size rule in the United States and the primate city rule in Mexico.