1. WOOD 280 - Hardwood anatomy(
(Côté)

2. Hardwood Cell Type Vessel elements Ring porous Diffuse porous
Always present
3-25 % by weight
5-60 % by volume
Vessels - couple of mm in length to several meters long
Vessel elements - short, thin cell wall & large diameter cells
mm long
m diameter
Perforation plates
Function - transport of water and mineral salts
Inter-vessel pitting
Spiral thickening
Tyloses
Porous Nature:
Ring porous
Diffuse porous
Semi-ring porous
(Hoadley)

3. scalariform perforation plate
Red alder (Alnus rubra)
scalariform perforation plate
(Hoadley)

4. simple perforation plate
scalariform perforation plates

5. Intervessel pitting
(Hoadley)

6. Hardwood – vessel element connections
Perforation plate
Intervessel pitting

7. Hardwood Pores Distribution
Ring porous
Semi-ring porous
Diffuse porous
(Hoadley)

8. Pores are further described according to their position relative to one another in cross-section.
(Hoadley)

9. Spiral thickening in vessel elements
Simple perforation plate
Spiral thickening

10. Spiral thickening in vessel elements

11. Fibres Always present Abundant 40-90 % by weight 20-75% by volume
Long, needle-like cells
Thickened walls, heavily lignified
mm long
20-30 m diameter
Function - mechanical support

12. Hardwood fibers
Cell wall
Cell lumen
Compound middle lamella

13. Fiber Cell Wall Thickness Variation
Basswood Elm

14. Fiber Cell Wall Thickness Variation
Yellow Poplar Black Locust