1. #17 Ch 18 S 4
Details:
Notes & Read Ch 18 S 4
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2. Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts Section 4: Two Nations Live on the Edge

3. California Academic Standards: 11.9.3
11.9 Students analyze U.S. foreign policy since World War II.
.2 Understand the role of military alliances, including NATO and SEATO, in deterring communist aggression and maintaining security during the Cold War.

4. Objectives:
Following lecture and reading of this section, students will be able to:
What was brinkmanship?
Describe actions that caused the Cold War to spread around the world.
US / USSR
Summarize the impact of Sputnik and the U-2 incident on the United States.

5. Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy
Soviets explode their own atom bomb in 1949, their weaponry is equal to ours

6. Differences in bombs Atomic Bomb Race for the H-Bomb
Dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Destroyed entire cities

8. November 1, 1952, U.S. wins, exploding the first H-bomb
Hydrogen Bomb
1 million tons of TNT 67 times more powerful than atom bomb.
Race to see which country could develop bomb first.
November 1, 1952, U.S. wins, exploding the first H-bomb

10. 9 months later USSR explodes their first.
The Policy of Brinkmanship
In the process of development, Eisenhower becomes President.
John Foster Dulles is named as his Secretary of War.

11. Dulles proposes to use all force including nuclear weapons to contain the spread of Communism.
Brinkmanship- Willingness to go to war against any aggressor nation.
Under this policy, more focus on air force to fly and deliver bombs.

12. The Cold War Spreads Around the World
Reliance on CIA, spies to gather information from areas outside U.S.
CIA: covert (secret) operations carried out to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly to the U.S.

14. Britain stopped buying Iranian oil.
Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin America
1951, Iran’s Prime Minister Mossadegh seized control of Iranian oil fields owned by Britain.
Britain stopped buying Iranian oil.

15. Iran’s economy failed.
U.S. worried Mossadegh would seek assistance from USSR
1953, gave several million $$$ to anti-Mossadegh supporters and wanted the Shah to return to power.

16. Shah returned to power and turned over control of Iranian oil to western powers.

17. In Latin America, CIA trained an Army in Guatemala, invaded and took over, because the president seemd to have communist sympathies as he seized 200,000 acres of American-owned land and gave it to the peasants.

18. We pulled our loan offer and upset Egypt’s leader, Nasser.
The Suez War
Egypt playing U.S. and USSR against each other for aid in building a dam at Aswan on the Nile.
We pulled our loan offer and upset Egypt’s leader, Nasser.

19. He nationalized the Suez Canal, that was owned by France and Britain and refuse to allow ships bound for Israel to pass.
The UN stepped in and Egypt kept control of the canal.

20. USSR prestige in Middle East rose because they supported Egypt.
The Eisenhower Doctrine
USSR prestige in Middle East rose because they supported Egypt.
Eisenhower Doctrine: U.S. to defend Middle East against an attack by any communist nation.

21. Tensions seized between U.S. and USSR in 1953 after death of Stalin
The Warsaw Pact
Tensions seized between U.S. and USSR in 1953 after death of Stalin
West Germany allowed to rearm and join NATO in 1955.
USSR worried so they form Warsaw Pact, with 7 of the 11 satellite nations.

22. USSR rejected proposal but it was a move toward peace.
The Geneva Summit
Eisenhower proposes “open skies” between U.S. and USSR to guard against surprise nuclear attacks.
USSR rejected proposal but it was a move toward peace.

23. The Hungarian Uprising
1956 Hungarians revolt for democratic government from USSR.
Imre Nagy, popular communist leader, promised free elections, denounced the Warsaw Pact, and demanded USSR troops leave Hungary.

24. USSR crushes resistance, Truman Doctrine not implemented, Hungarians disappointed
The Cold War Takes to the Skies
Nikita Khruschev eventually came to power after Stalin’s death.

26. Khruschev favored a peaceful economical and scientific competition.
The Space Race
USSR launches Sputnik, first artificial satellite.
U.S. launches satellite after first attempt a complete failure.

28. U-2 Spy Plane Shot down
Even though “Open Skies” was rejected by USSR, the CIA began making secret high-altitude flights over soviet territory with the U-2 spy plane equipped with infrared cameras to photo troop movement and missile sites.

31. Eisenhower wants to end flights, Dulles convinces one more flight.
Last flight, piloted by Francis Gary Powers was shot down.
Renewed Confrontation
The U-2 incident angered the USSR and tensions between the two super powers were heated up once again.

33. #17 Ch 18 S 4 Details: Notes & Read Ch 18 S 4 Margin ? A-D (4)
Ch 18 Test Thursday
Read & Study!!!!!!!!!!!

34. Pg 630 Ch 18 Assessment Details: Terms and names #s 1-10
Main Ideas #s 1-5 & 7-8
Ch 18 Test Friday
Read & Study!!!!!!!!!!!

35. #14 Ch 18 S 4
Margin ?s: A-D (4)
Terms: Choose any 5 terms to define (5)

36. Two Nations Live on the Edge
During the 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union come to the brink of nuclear war.
Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy
Race for the H-Bomb
·H-bomb—hydrogen bomb—nuclear weapon more powerful than atom bomb
·1952, U.S. explodes first H-bomb; 1953, Soviets explode one
The Policy of Brinkmanship
·John Foster Dulles, secretary of state under Dwight D. Eisenhower
·Dulles proposes brinkmanship policy:
··willingness to risk nuclear war to prevent spread of communism
·Nuclear threat unlike any before: millions can die; nation prepares
The Cold War Spreads Around the World
Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin America
·Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) uses spies to gather information
·CIA helps oust Iranian prime minister, reinstate Shah
·CIA helps depose Guatemala’s president; army leader becomes dictator
The Warsaw Pact [Visual]
·U.S.-Soviet relations thaw after Stalin’s death in 1953
·West Germany’s entry into NATO scares Soviets
·Form Warsaw Pact—military alliance with 7 Eastern European countries
A Summit in Geneva
·Eisenhower meets Soviets in Geneva, proposes “open skies” policy
·Soviets reject proposal; “spirit of Geneva” seen as step to peace
The Suez War
·Gamal Abdel-Nasser plays U.S. against Soviets over Aswan Dam
·Dulles withdraws loan offer; Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal
·Israel, Britain, France send troops; UN intervenes
·Fighting stops; Egypt keeps canal; others withdraw
The Eisenhower Doctrine
·Soviet prestige in Middle East rises because of support for Egypt
·Eisenhower Doctrine—U.S. will defend Middle East against communists
The Hungarian Uprising [Visual]
·1956, Hungarians revolt, call for democratic government
·Imre Nagy, Communist leader, forms government, promises elections
·Soviet army fights Hungarians in streets; overthrow Nagy
·U.S. does not help Soviet satellite; Soviets veto action by UN
The Cold War Takes to the Skies
A New Soviet Leader
·Nikita Khrushchev emerges as new Soviet leader; favors:
··peaceful coexistence and economic, scientific competition
The Space Race [Visual]
·October 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first artificial satellite
·Shocked Americans pour money into own space program
A U-2 Is Shot Down
·CIA makes secret high-altitude flights with U-2 to spy on Soviets
·Eisenhower wants flights discontinued before Krushchev summit
·Francis Gary Powers shot down on last flight over Soviet territory
Renewed Confrontation
·Eisenhower first denies, then concedes U-2 was spying
·Agrees to stop flights, refuses to apologize as Khrushchev demands
·U-2 incident renews tension between superpowers; summit cancelled

38. How many times more powerful was the hydrogen bomb than the atomic bomb?
A willingness to go to the edge of (nuclear) war to stop the spread of communism.
Used spies to overthrow governments unfriendly to U.S. interests.
Military alliance that responded to NATO by linking USSR and 7 Eastern European nations
President that stated we would defend the Middle East from Communist attack.

39. After Stalin’s death, who became the leader of the USSR?
Proposal made by U.S. president at Geneva Summit to allow for flights over each other’s territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks?
Soviet satellite that orbited the earth?
Type of airplane used to spy in soviet troop movement s and missile sites that was shot down?