1. Genetic Tools

2. Genetic Tools
Pedigree
Karyotype
DNA Fingerprinting

3. The Human Genome: A genome is all the DNA in an organism.

4. Human Karyotype

5. A karyotype is an organized profile of a person's chromosomes
Extra, missing, or abnormal positions of chromosome pieces can cause problems with a person's growth, development, and body functions.

6. Girl Boy Autosomal Chromosomes (Pairs 1-22)
Sex Chromosomes (23rd pair)

7. Correct Meiosis Process
4 Haploid Daughter Cells
Nondisjunction in Meiosis I
2 Daughter Cells with Extra Chromosome
2 Daughter Cells with Missing Chromosome
Nondisjunction in Meiosis II
2 Haploid Daughter Cells
1 Daughter Cell with Missing Chromosome
1 Daughter Cell with Extra Chromosome

8. What is the sex of the child?
Is there a chromosomal disorder?
On which chromosome pair is the disorder located?

9. Down Syndrome Mothers in early 20s - 1 in 1,500 births
Mothers over in 70 births
Mothers over in 25 births
Symptoms/Characteristics:
Decreased muscle tone
Small ears/mouth
Excess skin at neck
Slowed physical/mental development
Heart problems

10. Turners (45, XO)
1 in 3,000 female births
Sterile females

11. Klinefelters (XXY)
2 in 1000 male births
Sterile males

12. Geneticists Wanted
Very intelligent scientists to help diagnose the genetic conditions for these children?
Jaxton's Story - Trisomy 18

13. Background:
Mr. and Mrs. Raider are excited about their new pregnancy, but some of their doctor visits have shown that the child seems to be developing at a slower rate. They are concerned for the child’s health just like any other parent and have come to you for help.
Jaxton's Story - Trisomy 18

14. Child A

15. Child B

16. Child C

17. Child D
Cri du Chat – Partial 5 Deletion

18. Child E
wolf hirschhorn karyotype – Partial 4 Deletion

19. Child F
Jacobsen Syndrome – Partial 11 Deletion

20. DNA (transcription) mRNA  (translation) Proteins (A.A.)
Today we will take the district Common Assessment over Gene Expression and Genetics. We will also begin moving into our Forces of Evolution unit by watching a video about the Galapagos Islands.
What are the names of the steps that take place to turn our genetic code of DNA into proteins, and what are the molecules that do the work?
DNA (transcription) mRNA  (translation) Proteins (A.A.)

21. (At times, genotype can also be determined)
Pedigree – tool used to show phenotype through multiple generations in a family.
(At times, genotype can also be determined) I II
III
This pedigree shows the appearance of a widow’s peak in three generations of a student’s family.
What are the probable genotypes of the student’s parents?
W – Widow’s Peak
w – No Widow’s Peak

22. Jane and Joe Smith have dimples, but their daughter, Clarissa, does not.
Joe’s dad has dimples, but his mother, and his sister, Grace do not.
Jane’s dad, Mr. Renaldo, her brother Jorge, and her sister Emily do not have dimples, but her mother does.

23. Using a Pedigree – Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal Recessive)

24. DNA fingerprinting
DNA Fingerprinting is a procedure where the sequence of genetic information (DNA) in a person's cells is analyzed and identified.

25. DNA Fingerprinting
Crime labs can use any cell from a person’s body left behind at a crime scene to match them with DNA samples.
What form of DNA might be left behind and how?

26. A DNA test was performed.
Lt. Russ is investigating a murder scene. The attacker was scratched by his victim and some of his skin cells were found under the victim’s fingernails.
A DNA test was performed.
Which of the suspects is most likely the murderer?
Evidence

27. DNA Fingerprinting can also be used to determine paternity.
A woman claims that a famous athlete is the father of her child. All three gave DNA samples. Use #1 to see if she is telling the truth.
M-mother
C- child
F- father

29. Sex-Linked Inheritance

30. Why do you think sex linked disorders are more common in males than females?
Dominant
Recessive

31. Sex-Linkage
Genes that are carried on the X chromosome are called Sex-linked genes.
Traits determined by sex-linked genes are called sex-linked traits.
Because of this, sex-linked traits are most often seen in males who only have one copy of the X chromosome.

32. Since traits are sex-linked, there is usually a distinct pattern.
Sex-linked traits
Since traits are sex-linked, there is usually a distinct pattern.
For example, color blindness is a sex-linked trait whose allele is recessive and located on the X chromosome.

33. Conditions caused by sex-linked genes
-Hemophilia
-Colorblindness
-Duchene Muscular Dystrophy
-Male patterned baldness
Amoeba Sisters - Sex Linked Traits

34. Sex-Linkage
Female- (XX) She must have two recessive alleles to express the recessive phenotype.
Male- (XY) He only needs one recessive allele to express the recessive phenotype.

35. Color blindness is a “sex-linked” trait. What do you think that means?
Color Blindness Explanation
Colorblindness Test
Colorblindness #2

36. 8 / 3

37. 74 / 21

38. 3 / 5

40. X X - Woman w/ normal vision.
Example:
X X - Woman w/ normal vision.
X X - Woman w/normal vision; Carrier for colorblindness.
X X - Colorblind woman.
X Y - Man w/normal vision.
X Y - Colorblind man.
Carrier - Heterozygous for a recessive trait. C C C c c c C c

41. Colorblind mother Normal FatherX Y X c Y c Y X X C c X C c c X c X
Results:

42. Colorblind mother Normal FatherX Y c X c Y X X C c c Y X c X C c X
Results:
Female Carriers/ Male colorblind