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PowerPoint Presentations for
Seventh Edition
Philip G. Zimbardo Robert L. Johnson Vivian McCann
Prepared by
Beth M. Schwartz Randolph College
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2. States of Consciousness
Chapter 8
States of Consciousness
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3. How Is Consciousness Related to Other Mental Processes?
The brain operates on many levels at once—both conscious and unconscious.
Key Question 8.1: How is consciousness related to other mental processes?
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4. Tools for Studying Consciousness
Imaging devices: fMRI, PET, EEG
Tell us which regions are active during various mental states.
Mental rotation task: zoom-in tasks
“How” conscious activity occurs
Figure 8.2A
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5. Freud’s Levels of Consciousness
Brain processes of which we are aware
Unconscious
Many levels of processing that occur without awareness
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6. Freud’s Levels of Consciousness
Nonconscious
Brain process that does not involve conscious processing (e.g., heart rate, breathing, control of internal organs)
Preconscious
Information that is not currently in consciousness, but can be brought into consciousness if attention is called to it
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7. Alternate Views of Consciousness
James’s Stream of Consciousness
Awareness of ourselves and stimulations from our environment
Two levels: area of focus, peripheral consciousness
Modern Cognitive Perspective
Computer metaphor
Consciousness is the information and images that “appear on the screen.”
Nonconscious is “the machinery quietly operating in parallel with consciousness.”
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8. What Cycles Occur in Everyday Consciousness?
Consciousness fluctuates in cycles that correspond to our biological rhythms and to patterns of stimulation in our environment.
Key Question 8.2: What cycles occur in everyday consciousness?
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9. What Cycles Occur in Everyday Consciousness?
Daydreaming
Mildly altered state of consciousness alteration in which attention shifts inward to memories, expectations, desires, or fantasies, and away from the immediate situation
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Sleep and Dreaming
Circadian Rhythms
Jet lag
Rapid Eye Movements (REM)
Sleep paralysis
Non-REM (NREM) Sleep
REM Rebound
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The Sleep Cycle
Figure 8.3
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Stages of Sleep
Figure 8.4
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Why Do We Sleep?
To conserve energy
To restore the body (neurotransmitters, neuron sensitivity)
To flush out useless information from the brain
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The Need for Sleep
Figure 8.5
Over the years, the need for REM sleep decreases considerably, while the need for NREM sleep diminishes less sharply.
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15. Sleep Debt vs. the Circadian Clock
Deficiency caused by not getting the amount of sleep that one requires for optimal functioning
Individual differences: ranges from six to nine hours
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16. Why We Dream: A Cross-Cultural Perspective
Israelites: message from God
African and Native American cultures: extension of waking reality
Scientific approach:
Dreams as meaningful events; dreams and memory
Dreams as random brain activity
Dreams as sources of creative insights
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17. Dreams as Meaningful Events
Freud believed that dreams serve the following two functions:
To guard sleep
To serve as sources of wish fulfillment
manifest vs. latent content
Dream Content
Varies by culture, gender, and age
Frequently connects with recent experiences
May help us form memories
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18. Dreams as Random Brain Activity
Activation-Synthesis Theory
Theory that dreams begin with random electrical activation coming from brain stem; dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of this random activity
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Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
Most common sleep disorder
Insufficient sleep
The inability to fall asleep quickly
Frequent arousals, or early awakenings
Sleep Apnea
Respiratory disorder in which person intermittently stops breathing while asleep
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Sleep Disorders
Night Terrors
Screaming child in deep sleep
Once awakened, the child has no memory of what mental events might have caused the fear.
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Sleep Disorders
Narcolepsy
Involves sudden REM sleep attacks accompanied by cataplexy
Cataplexy
sudden loss of muscle control that occurs before a narcoleptic sleep attack
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22. What Other Forms Can Consciousness Take?
An altered state of consciousness occurs when some aspect of normal consciousness is modified by mental, behavioral, or chemical means.
Key Question 8.3: What other forms can consciousness take?
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23. What Other Forms Can Consciousness Take?
Hypnosis
Meditation
Psychoactive Drug States
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Hypnosis
Hypnosis
Induced state of altered awareness, characterized by heightened suggestibility and deep relaxation
Hypnotizability
Degree to which an individual is responsive to hypnotic suggestions
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25. Hypnosis as an Altered State
Experts disagree about whether hypnosis involves:
A distinct state of consciousness
Hypnotizability
Social processes such as role playing
A dissociated state (Hilgard’s “hidden observer” view)
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26. Practical Uses for Hypnosis
Hypnosis can have practical uses for:
Researchers
Psychological treatment
Medical and dental treatment
hypnotic analgesia: diminished sensitivity to pain while under hypnosis
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Meditation
Meditation
Form of consciousness change induced by focusing on a repetitive behavior, assuming certain body positions, and minimizing external stimulation
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28. Psychoactive Drug States
Chemicals that affect mental processes and behavior by means of their effects on the brain
Hallucinogens
Opiates
Depressants
Stimulants
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Hallucinogens
Alter perceptions of the external environment and inner awareness; also called psychedelics
Mescaline
LSD
PCP
Cannabis
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Opiates
Highly addictive; produce a sense of well-being and have strong pain-relieving properties
Morphine
Codeine
Heroin
Methadone
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Depressants
Slow down mental and physical activity by inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium)
Alcohol
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Stimulants
Arouse the central nervous system, speeding up mental and physical responses
Cocaine
Amphetamines
Methamphetamine
MDMA (Ecstasy)
Caffeine
Nicotine
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33. Altered States of Anesthesia
Very different from sleep state
General Anesthetics
Substance that suppresses consciousness and awareness of pain
No memory for the period of time
Usually includes sedation and immobility
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