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2. Discuss information privacy and methods for improving the privacy of information
Explain the privacy of , data collection issues, and censorship
Discuss the ethical issues related to information technology
Discuss the principles of intellectual property and issues related to the infringement of intellectual property

3. Discuss information system issues that affect organizations, including the digital divide, electronic publishing, and the connection between the workplace and employees’ health
Describe green computing and the ways it can improve the quality of the environment

4. Computer Crime and Fraud
Computer fraud
Unauthorized use of computer data for personal gain
Social networking sites
Used for committing computer crime
Examples
Denial-of-service attacks
Identity theft
Software piracy
Distributing child pornography
spamming
In addition to phishing, computer crimes include the following: •
Denial- of- service attacks, which inundate a Web site or network with e- mails and other network traffic so that it becomes overloaded and can’t handle legitimate traffic
• Identity theft, such as stealing Social Security
• Software piracy and other infringements of intellectual
• Distributing child pornography.
• E- mail spamming.
• Writing or spreading viruses, worms, Trojan programs, and other malicious code.
• Stealing files for industrial espionage.
• Changing computer records illegally.
• Virus hoaxes, in which individuals intentionally spread false statements or information through the

5. Computer Crime and Fraud (cont’d.)
Writing or spreading viruses, worms, Trojan programs, and other malicious code
Stealing files
Changing computer records
Virus hoaxes
Sabotage
• Writing or spreading viruses, worms, Trojan programs, and other malicious code
• Stealing files for industrial espionage
• Changing computer records illegally
• Virus hoaxes, that are false statements or information spread through the Internet and are presented in such a way that the readers believe that they are true. The individual who generates virus hoaxes intention-ally attempts to mislead the readers.
Sony Hack

6. Computer Crime – Unauthorized Access
A person gaining entry to a computer system for which they have no authority to use such access
THIS IS A COMPUTER CRIME!
Internet Fraud Cost $ 559 Million in Losses from cybercrime more than doubled in 2009, jump-ing from $ 265 million in 2008 to $ million, according to a report by the Internet Crime Complaint Center, which is a partnership between the FBI and the National White Collar Crime Center. The number of online complaints about cybercrimes also rose dramatically, according to the report. In 2009, 336,655 complaints were received, a jump of more than 20 percent over Keep in mind that these fi gures are only the reported complaints; the actual number of cybercrimes could be much higher. Most of the complaints were about e- mail scams and the nondelivery of merchandise or payments. To guard against cybercrime, Internet users should install the most current versions of antivirus and antispyware software on their computers and be very careful when they receive suspicious e- mails, particularly those with attachments.
82% come from
inside the
organization
(employees)

7. Privacy Issues
Employers search social networking sites for background information on applicants
Monitoring systems are adopted by employers to check employee performance
Information technology has aided in the easy availability of personal information
Information in databases can be used for direct marketing and for credit checks on potential borrowers or renters

8. Concepts of the Web and Network Privacy
Set of rules specifying the legal and ethical use of a system and the consequences of noncompliance
Acceptable use policy
Issues involving both the user’s and the organization’s responsibilities and liabilities
Accountability
Method for binding all the parties to a contract
Nonrepudiation

9. Guidelines to Minimize the Invasion of Privacy
Conduct business only with websites having privacy policies
Limit access to personal information to those with authorization
Ensure data’s reliability and take precautions to prevent misuse of the data
Data collection must have a stated purpose
Identify ways to prevent personal information gathered being disclosed without consent

10. Guidelines to Minimize the Invasion of Privacy
Organizations should use verification procedures to ensure data accuracy
Organizations must correct or delete incorrect data
Prevent unauthorized access to data and misuse of data
Users should review their records and correct any inaccuracies
Transparency in record-keeping systems storing personal data

11. Privacy Issues Presented by E-mail
Spam: Unsolicited sent for advertising purposes
Sent in bulk using automated mailing software
Ease of access
Individuals should assume that others have access to their messages
Any s sent on company-owned computers are the property of the organization

12. Data Collection on the Web
Due to the increase in online shopping, personal details of individuals are prone to misuse
Issue of personal information being sold to telemarketing firms resulting in spam
Information provided on the Web can be combined with other information and technologies to produce new information

13. Technologies Used for Data Collection
Cookies: Small text files with unique ID tags that are embedded in a Web browser and saved on the user’s hard drive
Help websites customize pages for users
Considered an invasion of privacy when users’ information is used without prior consent
Installing a cookie manager helps users disable cookies
Log files: Generated by Web server software, record a user’s actions on a website

14. Ethical Issues of Information Technologies
Information technology offers opportunities for unethical behavior due to ease of collecting and disseminating information
Increase of cybercrime, cyberfraud, identity theft, and intellectual property theft
Organizations can reduce unethical behavior of employees by developing and enforcing codes of ethics

15. Censorship of Types of Information on the Web
Public information
Posted by an organization or public agency
Censored for public policy reasons
Censored if the content is deemed offensive to a political, religious, or cultural group
Private information
Posted by a person
Uncensored because of constitutional freedom of expression

16. Restricting access to the Web
Censorship
Restricting access to the Web
Countries like Burma, China, and Singapore, restrict or forbid their citizens’ access to the Web
Internet neutrality: Internet service providers (ISPs) and government agencies should treat all data on the Internet equally
Parents use programs like CyberPatrol, CyberSitter, Net Nanny, and SafeSurf to prevent children’s access to certain websites

17. Intellectual Property
Legal umbrella covering protections that involve copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and patents developed by people or businesses

18. Categories in Intellectual Property
Industrial property
Inventions, trademarks, logos, and industrial designs
Copyrighted material
Literary and artistic works
Covers online materials like Web pages, HTML code, and computer graphics
Fair Use Doctrine: Exception to the Copyright law which allows the use of copyrighted material for certain purposes

19. Intellectual Property Protections
Trademark: Protects product names and identifying marks
Patent: Protects new processes
Advantages to organizations
Generates revenue by licensing the patent
Attracts funding for research and development
Keeps competitors from entering certain market segments

20. Laws Covering Software Piracy
1980 revisions to the Copyright Act of 1976 include computer programs
Laws covering legal issues related to information technologies in the United States
Telecommunications Act of 1996
Communications Decency Act (CDA)
Laws against spamming

21. Cybersquatting
Registering, selling, or using a domain name to profit from someone else’s trademark
Typosquatting: Relies on typographical errors made by Web users when typing a website address into a Web browser
Variation of cybersquatting
Called URL hijacking

22. Information technology and the Internet that is not accessible for all
Digital Divide
Information technology and the Internet that is not accessible for all
Increasing funding for computers at schools, public places, helps offset the divide

23. Impact of Information Technology in the Workplace
Creation of technical jobs, requiring extensive training
Increased consumers’ purchasing power
Results in a stronger economy by reducing production costs
Direct effect on the nature of jobs
Telecommuting enables work from home option
Organizations can use the best and most cost-effective human resources in a large geographical region

24. Impact of Information Technology in the Workplace
Job deskilling: Occurs when skilled labor is eliminated due to high technology
Virtual organizations: Companies, suppliers, customers, and manufacturers connected via information technologies
To share skills and cost
To have access to each other’s markets

25. 4.1 Potential Benefits and Drawbacks of Telecommuting

26. Information Technology and Health Issues
Increasing popularity of touchscreens result in stress related injuries of the users’ hands, arms, back, and eyes
Related health problems associated with computer equipment
Vision issues
Musculoskeletal issues
Skin issues
Reproductive system issues
Stress issues

27. Requires cooperation of both private and public sectors
Green Computing
Promotes a sustainable environment and consumes the least amount of energy
Involves the design, manufacture, use, and disposal of computers, servers, and computing devices with minimal impact on the environment
Requires cooperation of both private and public sectors

28. Ways to Achieve Green Computing
Design products that last longer and are modular in design
Parts can be upgraded without replacing the entire system
Design search engines and computing routines that are faster and consume less energy
Replace underutilized smaller servers with one large server using a virtualization technique

29. Ways to Achieve Green Computing
Use computing devices that consume less energy and are biodegradable
Allow certain employees to work from their homes to reduce carbon foot prints
Conduct meetings over computer networks to reduce business travel
Encourage carpool and nonmotorized transportation for employees
Turn off idle PCs and recycle computer-related materials

30. Acceptable use policy
Accountability
Cookies
Cybersquatting
Digital divide
Green computing

31. Intellectual property
Log files
Nonrepudiation
Spam
Virtual organizations

32. Employers search social networking sites, such as Facebook or MySpace, to find background information on applicants
is distributed through the Web or a company network; people should assume that others have access to their messages
Public information, posted by an organization or public agency, can be censored for public policy reasons

33. Children, in particular, are victims of the digital divide
Information technology has created many new jobs
Green computing is one of the methods for combating global warming