1. Communities in Mangrove Ecosystem
Community Ecology
Lobsang Tsering

2. Outline Introduction Distribution in world Mangrove Community
Mangrove ecosystem services
Status of mangrove forest
Summary
References
Don’t know the origin of the word. How they are evolved to live into such condition.
Tropcial and sub tropical plants
True mangrove only in Mangrove environment -do not extend to terrestrial, Morphologically, physiologically and reproductively adapted to saline water logged and anaerobic condition.

3. Derived from word “Mangal” -trees and ecosystem.
Mangrove
Derived from word “Mangal” -trees and ecosystem.
Trees and shrubs that are uniquely adapted to saline and inter tidal coastlines.
Located in 30°South and 30°North from the Equator.
Grow well in freshwater mixes with saline water and where sediment is accumulated in the form of Mud.
Broadly classified into two group
True mangrove ( Exclusive mangrove species)
Associated mangrove species
Don’t know the origin of the word. How they are evolved to live into such condition.
Tropcial and sub tropical plants
True mangrove only in Mangrove environment -do not extend to terrestrial, Morphologically, physiologically and reproductively adapted to saline water logged and anaerobic condition.

4. Composite river and wave dominated Drowned bedrock valley
Mangrove
A total no of 69 sp. in 27 genera, 20 families are considered as true Mangrove sp. ( Duke, 1992, Bringham and Kathiresan, 2001 and Selvam et al., 2004)
Mangrove wetland are classified into six types on the basis of the geophysical, geomorphological and biological factors.
River dominated
Tide dominated
Wave dominated
Composite river and wave dominated
Drowned bedrock valley
Mangroves in carbonate areas. (Thom, 1984)
The first five types of mangrove wetlands can be seen on coasts dominated by terrigenous sediments (shallow marine sediment consisting of material derived from the land surface) whereas the last one can be seen in oceanic islands, coral reefs and carbonate banks.

5. What makes Mangroves so special?
Adaptation- cope with highly dynamic and harsh environment.
Breathing roots, also called as pneumatophores for gaseous exchange due to anaerobic mud flat.
Salt glands to remove excess salt in the plant.
Stilled root, for strength
Vivipary for successful germination
Aerial roots take oxygen and remove co2 for gaseous exchange
In this method of reproduction, seeds germinate and develop into seedlings while the seeds are still attached to the parent tree.

6. Distribution Heidelberg, 2015 and updated Duke et al., 1998
Distribution of mangrove habitat in the workd
World distribution of mangrove habitat with no species present along the coastlines in 6 sub regions and two global regions.
Heidelberg, 2015 and updated Duke et al., 1998

7. Species richness of Mangroves as a function of longitude
one of the most hot debate in twentieth centuary., but now is it solved?
1999 Blackwell Science Ltd, Global Ecology and Biogeography

8. Anomalous biogeographical pattern solved?
“Mangrove Species richness declines dramatically from maximum Indo-West Pacific (IWP) to minimum Atlantic East Pacific(AEP)”
Two hypothesis have been put forward.
“The Centre of Origin Hypothesis”: all mangrove taxa are originated in IWP and dispersed to other parts of the world.
The “Vicariance Hypothesis”: Mangrove taxa evolved around the Tethys Sea during late Cretaceous and regional species diversity resulted from in situ diversification after continental drift.
Five lines evidences are used to explained this
Fossil records
Associated flora and fauna patterns
Other related ecosystems corals and sea grass environment.
(Origin of mangrove ecosystems and biodiversity anomaly, Ellison et al.,1999)
I Don’t know, did not read the full paper – find out yourself.

9. Typical mangrove ecosystem

10. Communities in Mangrove
Microorganisms: Detritus fungi and bacteria decomposed leave litters and organic masses to continue nutrients recycling. Algae: Such nutrients are important source for algae both unicellular and macrophysics to grow. Invertebrates: Fishes: Reptiles and Amphibians: Birds: Mammals:
Talk about different communities that live in mangrove ecosystem do not for get the 18th.
Hot spot. With diverse group of community live in environment. Endengred species like Bengal tiger are only found in Sundrabans and monky
Serenity valley of academy

11. Uca!
Wave and say Hi
Tropcial and sub tropical plants
True mangrove only in Mangrove environment -do not extend to terrestrial, Morphologically, physiologically and reproductively adapted to saline water logged and anaerobic condition.

12. Mangrove ecosystem services..
Wave and say Hi
Tropcial and sub tropical plants
True mangrove only in Mangrove environment -do not extend to terrestrial, Morphologically, physiologically and reproductively adapted to saline water logged and anaerobic condition.
@blue forest project

13. Mangrove Ecosystem Services..
These two paper disucss the services provided by mangove ecosystem
One is economical value of mangrove forest
Contribution of marine fishery in west coast of India.

14. Mangrove Ecosystem Services..
Estimated the monetary value of Mangrove ecosystem services in southeast Asia.
The mean and median values are found to be 4185 and 239 US$/ha/year.
The estimate foregone annual benefits in 2050 are US$ 2.2 billion with the prediction interval of US$ billion.
The role of Mangroves in increasing marine fish output in India, west coast.
Mangrove improve the technical efficiency of fish production in coastal state.
Mangroves’ contribution to marine fish output in India was 23% in 2011.
Wave and say Hi
Tropcial and sub tropical plants
True mangrove only in Mangrove environment -do not extend to terrestrial, Morphologically, physiologically and reproductively adapted to saline water logged and anaerobic condition.

15. Mangrove ecosystem services..
Though Sundarbans is claimed to be pristine in state, more than 50% of the north-western parts and intertidal lands of Sundarbans delta have been continuously cleared for human habitation and settlement, agriculture and brackish water fisheries. Landuse change, pollution from industrialization and economic activities e.g. shipping port close to the forest, intensive aquaculture and over-extraction of resources remain the major threat to the forest.

16. Ecosystem connectivity
Coral, seagrass and mangrove forest shows connnected ecosystem. Wave block 1st by corals and

17. Status of Mangrove
FAO, 2000

18. Ecosystem connectivity
Majority of loss is in Asia We have already lost over half of the world’s original mangrove forest area, estimated at 32 million hectares (app. 80 million acres). In 2007, less than 15 million hectares (37 million acres) of mangroves remain.
About half of mangrove loss has occurred in the last 50 years, mostly in the last two decades, due to:
shrimp farming

19. Summary
Mangroves are tropical plants that grow in harsh environment and adapted to survive in saline and intertidal region.
They are distributed widely in tropical and subtropical regions
Provide habitat for large no of communities from unicellular microorganisms to large mammals.
Mangrove ecosystem services are crucial for mankind and other neighboring ecosystem.
We are facing loss 50 % mangrove cover from last 50 years.
Wave and say Hi
Tropcial and sub tropical plants
True mangrove only in Mangrove environment -do not extend to terrestrial, Morphologically, physiologically and reproductively adapted to saline water logged and anaerobic condition.

20. References.
Wave and say Hi
Tropcial and sub tropical plants
True mangrove only in Mangrove environment -do not extend to terrestrial, Morphologically, physiologically and reproductively adapted to saline water logged and anaerobic condition.