1. Plant Propagation Pollination Germination
Reproduction
Plant Propagation
Pollination Germination

2. Two types of reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
involves only 1 parent
offspring genetically identical to parent
involves regular body cells
its quick
Sexual Reproduction
involves 2 parents
offspring genetic mix of both parents
involves specialized sex cells
its slow
1:21

3. Asexual Reproduction contd.
Spore Formation
happens in fungi, green algae, moulds and non flowering plants (e.g. ferns)
spores are produced and each spore develops into offspring which are identical to parent
Vegetative Reproduction
does not involve seeds
some offspring can grow from cuttings (e.g. coleus), runners (e.g. strawberries), tubers (e.g. potatoes) or bulbs (e.g. tulips)… which are part of the parent plant

4. Spore Formation
Fern
Fungi

5. Vegetative Reproduction

6. Sexual Reproduction in Animals
involves specialized sex cells called gametes
the union of a male and female gamete results in the formation of a zygote that develops into a new individual

7. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Female Parts
Male Parts
(Pistil)
pollen (male) + ovule (female) → single-celled zygote → multi-celled embryo (contained in a seed) → new individual

8. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
stamen is the male part and contains pollen
carpels or pistil is the female part and contains ovule (eggs)
pollen grains from the anther are transferred to the stigma by the process of pollination
self pollination (plant pollinates its own eggs)
cross pollination (pollen from one plant pollinates another plants eggs)

9. Pollination
flowers are designed to lure insects to help with the pollination process
also wind, animals, birds can transport pollen

10. Sexual Reproduction Summary
Male Gamete
Female Gamete
Type of Union
Result of Union
Final Result
Plants
pollen
ovule (egg)
pollination
single cell zygote
multi-cell embryo
(in seed)
Animals
sperm
egg
fertilization

11. Some Organisms do Both
most plants that produce seeds (sexual reproduction) can also reproduce asexually by things like cuttings or runners
this gives them an advantage for survival
mosses
sponges and hydra
Mosses produce asexual spores in the early part of their life cycle and then egg and sperm cells are produced in a later part of the same cycle.

12. Which is Better? It depends!
Asexual Reproduction
advantages
does not require special cells or a lot of energy
can produce offspring quickly
in a stable environment creates large, thriving population
disadvantages
limited ability to adapt
face massive die-off if environment changes
Sexual Reproduction
advantages
lots of variation within a species
able to live in a variety of environmental settings
able to adapt to changes in the environment
disadvantages
needs time & energy
produce small populations

13. Pollination The pollen grain germinates when it lands on the stigma.
A pollen tube grows down into the ovary
Two sperm cells travel down to the ovary where one becomes the endosperm and the other becomes the zygote.
After fertilization the ovule develops into a _____ and the ovary develops into a _____.
Pollen grain
Pollen Tube
Stigma
Sperm cells combining with nuclei of Ovule to become the endosperm
Zygote from sperm cell combining with the egg
Ovary
Ovule
Egg
Seed
Fruit

14. Germination Germination occurs when the seed resumes growth
Root starts first
Shoots either have protective hook to protect young tip, or have protective sheaths.
Some Cotyledons leave the soil, some stay underground
Once the shoot emerges, both the roots & shoots continue to grow for the lifespan of the plant. 1 2 3 4 5

15. Factors affecting plant growth

16. Factors that affect plant growth
Hormones
Light
Relative humidity
Temperature
Co2 & O2
Soil quality
Nutrient levels

17. Plant Hormones Gibberellins Auxin Cytokinins Stimulate stem elongation
Causes fruit development and seed germination
Produced in shoots & seeds
Auxin
Growth promoting hormone, causes cells to become longer as they grow
Causing the plant to bend towards the light
Stops the growth of buds.
Produced at the tip of the shoots
Cytokinins
Stimulates cell division & slows the aging of some plant organisms
Produced in root tip

18. Light Relative Humidity
Getting enough light is the most important factors influencing plant growth
The quantity, quality and duration of light exposure is what matters most.
Why?
Relative Humidity
Relative humidity is the total amount of water vapour in the air.

19. Temperature
Temperature influences plant processes, like photosynthesis, respiration, germination, and flowering.
Co2 & O2
Photosynthesis requires the presence of carbon dioxide.
Oxygen is essential for plant respiration.

20. Soil Quality The top layer consists of humus.
Topsoil is the layer below the humus
Subsoil lies beneath the top soil.
Bedrock is found under subsoil.
Many varieties of insects, worms, and micro-organisms live in the top three layers of soil.
Water, as well as minerals found in the top 3 layers are absorbed by plant roots. 1
H2O Ca 2 P
NO3 K 3 4

21. Plants need nutrients from the soil to grow and survive.
Macronutrients:
Plants require a lot of these nutrients.
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Micronutrients:
Plants require less of these nutrients.
Iron
Zinc
Copper