Cell Respiration Packet #12 Chapter 9

Cell Respiration Packet #12 Chapter 9
Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

The three stages of Catabolism—Capturing Energy Stage 1
It’s Easier Than You Think! Setting up the Stage—The Idea of Capturing Energy The three stages of Catabolism—Capturing Energy Stage 1 Breakdown of Large macromolecules to their building blocks (simple subunits) Proteins to amino acids Polysaccharides to monosaccharides Lipids to Glycerol & Fatty Acids We will be more concerned with glucose. Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Catabolism Stage 2 Converting of the (simple subunits) building blocks to Acetyl COA—accompanied by the production of limited amounts of ATP and NADH Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Catabolism Stage 3A & 3B Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Kreb’s Cycle Oxidation of Acetyl COA Production of some ATP Production of large amounts of NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) Oxidative Phosphorylation Occurs at the Electron Transport Chain Large amounts of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) All NADH produced travels to the Electron Transport Chain to be converted into ATP Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Redox Reaction Transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another Oxidation The loss of one or more electrons from one substance The Loss of one or more hydrogen ion(s) Reduction The addition/gain of one or more electrons to another substance Addition/gain of one or more hydrogen ion(s) Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Cellular Respiration Polysaccharides are broken to building blocks
Glucose Glucose is absorbed by our cells Thought question By what process does glucose enter the cell? Facilitated Transport—use of transport proteins To be more specific, Co-transport Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Cellular Respiration AP Biology Only
There are 5 different types of transporters Glut 4 is abundant in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle Co-Transport Energy-requiring mechanism—against concentration gradient Coupled with the movement of Na+ Epithelial cells of the intestine, renal tubules and choroid plexus Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Cell Respiration Review
Overall Equation for Cell Respiration (Review) C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Stage #2A {Converting Building Blocks to Pyruvate} Glycolysis
10 steps--(College Biochemistry) Function From the Greek “glykos.” sugar and “lysis’” splitting Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Stage #2A {Converting Building Blocks to ACOA} Glycolysis
Inputs Glucose 2 ATP--Adenosine triphosphate 2 Net ADP (4 ADP’s are used) 2 Net Phosophates (4 Phosphates are used) 2 NAD+ Outputs 2 Pyruvate 2 Net ATP (4 ATP is produced & 2 ATP is used) 2 NADH Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Stage #2A {Converting Building Blocks to ACOA} Glycolysis
Location Cytosol of the cell Extra Notes The NADH produced here will go onto the electron transport chain where more ATP will be formed (later). Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Stage 10 Glycolysis Enzyme used is Pyruvate Kinase
Changes PEP to Pyruvate How is PEP changed into Pyruvate? What does the enzyme do? The enzyme removes a phosphate from PEP resulting in the molecule Pyruvate While changing PEP to Pyruvate, ATP is produced Why is ATP produced? One Phosphate molecule is removed from PEP and added to ADP Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

A Look at NAD, Oxidation and Reduction
NAD+ is a coenzyme Oxidation This is when a molecule loses a hydrogen atom and/or electrons Reduction This is when a molecule gains a hydrogen atom and/or electrons NAD+ In glycolysis, NAD+ is reduced to NADH while the intermediate (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) is oxidized The hydrogen that comes in has both electrons (neg charge. Oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously—meaning that if a molecule is reduced, another one has to be oxidized at the same time Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Stage 2B {Building Blocks to ACOA} Pyruvate to ACOA
Sugars and Fats are both degraded to ACOA Pyruvate to ACOA Pyruvate is a 3-carbon molecule So remember, after glycolysis, we have 2 3-carbon molecules (pyruvates) per glucose molecule Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Stage 2B {Converting Building Blocks to ACOA} Pyruvate to ACOA
Input per glucose molecule Two pyruvates, 2 NAD+, 2 COA Output per glucose molecule 2 ACOA & 2 NADH 2 CO2 Double Check Pyruvate gets oxidized to ACOA and CO2 while NAD+ gets reduced Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Stage 2B {Converting Building Blocks to ACOA}
Location Mitochondria Matrix Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Stage 3A—Krebs Cycle Process Inputs per Glucose Molecule
With the use of various enzymes, we make our products in 8 steps Inputs per Glucose Molecule 2 ACOA 6 NAD+--remember 3 NAD+ per ACOA 2 FAD+--1 FAD+ per ACOA 2 GDP—1 GDP per ACOA Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Stage 3A—Krebs Cycle Outputs per Glucose Molecule Location
2 4-carbon molecules (oxaloacetate) This is used in step 1 to make citrate—which controls the formation of fructose 1,6-biphosphate 2 GTP—1 GTP per ACOA 6 NADH—3 NADH per ACOA Remember, that the NADH will go to the electron transport chain for the production of more ATP 2 FADH—1 FADH per ACOA 4 CO2--2 CO2 per ACOA Location Mitochondria Matrix Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Summary So, So Far…. At the end of the Krebs Cycle before we make ATP in the electron transport chain, we have a total of… 2 NET ATP 2 GTP 2 FADH 10 NADH 6 CO2 Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Stage 3B The Electron Transport Chain
This is where we transform NADH, FADH ADP & P into ATP 1 NADH will form 3 ATP 1 FADH will form 2 ATP The name of the process that occurs here is Oxidative Phosphorylation Location Inner membrane of the mitochondria Structure Made up of 5 complexes where complex V catalyzes ATP synthesis Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Input/Output of the ETC
Inputs 10 NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) 2 FADH (flavin adenine dinucleotide) Donates electrons/H+ to the chain and the result via enzymatic reactions is ATP--Cell Biology/Biochemistry 34 ADP + P Oxygen Outputs 30 ATP via NADH 4 ATP via FADH 10 NAD+ 2 FAD+ H2O Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

ATP Synthase As the hydrogen ions, resulting from the change of NADH to NAD+, are pumped across ATP synthase (Complex #5), ADP & P are changed into ATP. Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

AP Biology Oligomycin 2, 4-dinitrophenol Aspirin is an uncoupler
Drug that binds to the stalk of ATP synthase and closes the H channel 2, 4-dinitrophenol This is an uncoupler These increase the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to protons Causes electron transport to proceed at a rapid rate without the establishment of a gradient The energy produced by the transport of electrons is released as heat rather than being used to synthesize ATP Aspirin is an uncoupler This is what explains fevers with overdoses Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Calculating the Total Amount of ATP
Glycolysis 2 ATP (reactions) 4-6 ATP (2 NADH) (Details in AP Biology) Pyruvate to ACOA 6 ATP (2 NADH) Krebs Cycle 2 ATP = 2 GTP 18 ATP (6 NADH) 4 ATP (2 FADH) In the end we have a total of net ATPs generated.  Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Anaerobic Glycolysis I
Fermentation occurs due to lack of oxygen for the electron transport chain. Glucose + 2P + 2ADP  2 lactate + 2 ATP + 2 H2O A small amount of energy is released Occurs in muscles during intense exercise. Increase in lactate results in cramps. Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

AP Biology Occurs in tissue with few or no mitochondria such as the medulla of the kidney, mature erythrocytes and leukocytes. NADH formed by glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase is used by lactate dehydrogenase to reduce pyruvate to lactate. NADH production exceeds the oxidative capacity of the electron transport chain—increase in lactate acid and a decrease in ph—resulting in cramps—lactate normally diffuses eventually into the blood stream. Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Anaerobic Glycolysis II
FermentationLactate 2 Steps Glycolysis 2 NADH 2 ATP 2 pyruvate NAD+ regeneration Inputs 2 pyruvates 2 NADH (from above in glycolysis) Outputs 2 Lactate 2 NAD+ The NAD+ feeds back into glycolysis to quickly form ATP Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Anaerobic Glycolysis III
FermentationAlcohol & CO2 Glycolysis 2 pyruvates 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 Pyruvates to 2 Acetaldehydes 2 moles of CO2 is produced NAD+ Regeneration H reduces the Oxygen molecule 2 NAD+ and 2 ethanol molecules are produced The NAD+ that was formed feeds back into Glycolysis to quickly form ATP Thursday, November 29, 2018Thursday, November 29, 2018

Cell Respiration Packet #12 Chapter 9

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