4. Figure: 08.1
Title:
A summary of glucose metabolism
Caption:
Refer to this diagram as we progress through the reactions of glycolysis (in the fluid portion of the cytoplasm) and cellular respiration (in the mitochondria). The breakdown of glucose occurs in stages, with various amounts of energy harvested as ATP along the way. The vast majority of the ATP is produced in the mitochondria, justifying their nickname, “power- house of the cell.”

5. Glucose metabolism (p.132; left last para)
Glucose  pyruvate (glycolysis)
aerobic (w/ oxygen);
anaerobic (W/O oxygen)
pyruvate_mitochondria_-> acetyl CoA
Krebs cycle
electron transport system

6. II. The mechanism of cellular respiration
A. Glycolysis
1. Occurs in the cytoplasm
2. Anaerobic, not really a part of respiration
3. Glucose molecule → 2 pyruvic acid molecules (3 carbons)

7. Figure: 08.2
Title:
The essentials of glycolysis
Caption:
(a) Glucose activation: The energy of two ATP molecules is used to convert glucose to the highly reactive fructose bisphosphate. Fructose bisphosphate splits into two smaller, but still reactive, molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). (b) Energy harvest: The two G3P molecules undergo a series of reactions that generate four ATP and two NADH molecules. Therefore, glycolysis results in a net harvest of two ATP and two NADH molecules per glucose molecule.

8. Figure: 08.UN02a
Title:
Lactate fermentation
Caption:

9. Figure: 08.UN02b
Title:
Glycolysis reactions
Caption:

10. Figure: 08.UN02c
Title:
Glycolysis reactions
Caption:

11. Figure: 08.E1
Title:
How various nutrients yield energy
Caption:
How various nutrients yield energy.

12. Figure: 08.UN03c
Title:
Alcoholic fermentation
Caption:

13. Figure: 08.3b
Title:
Fermentation
Caption:
Bread rises as CO2 is liberated by fermenting yeast, which converts glucose to ethanol via the alcoholic fermentation pathway.

14. Figure: 08.4
Title:
Cellular respiration
Caption:
Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria, whose structure, like that of a chloroplast, reflects the compartmentalized reactions that occur there. The inner membrane separates the inner compartment, containing the soluble enzymes of the matrix, from the intermembrane compartment (between the inner and outer membranes). The diagram summarizes the essential steps of glucose metabolism, from glycolysis in the cytoplasm to the transport of ATP out of the mitochondrion and back into the cytoplasm.