1. 1/13 Daily Catalyst Pg. 67 Gene Regulation
1. How many chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell?
2. How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome?
3. What stage of mitosis is shown below? How do you know?

2. 1/13 Daily Catalyst Pg. 67 Gene Regulation
1. How many chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell?
46 (23 from mom and 23 from dad)
2. How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome?
Two
3. What stage of mitosis is shown below? How do you know?
Anaphase, chromatids are pulled APART

3. 1/13 Class Business Pg. 66 Gene Regulation
Quiz #16 on Friday
Tutoring after school, during 4th period, and during lunch
Schedule tutoring sessions with me
Parent Night 1/13 (TONIGHT)
Extra Credit for attending
4-6 pm in the Cafeteria

4. Study Assignment New studying assignment Date Time Notes
You are required to study a certain amount of hours per week independently AND with a group/partner per month
Independently= 6 hours per week
Group/partner= 4 hours per month
Sheet is due at the end of each month on the last Friday (Jan. 30th)
Name(s)
Date
Time
Topic(s) Covered
Notes
Signature

5. Review the stages of Mitosis and discuss methods of cell regulation.
1/13 Objective
Review the stages of Mitosis and discuss methods of cell regulation.

6. Mitosis Review

7. Pg 66. Binary Fission What type of cells undergo mitosis?
Eukaryotic- plants and animal cells
What about bacteria?
Key Point #1:
Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission
Meaning “division in half”

8. Pg. 66 Binary Fission Bacterial DNA is circular in shape
Bacterial DNA must be replicated before cell division
Replication begins at the Origin of Replication
A specific site on the chromosome
The origins move to opposite end of the cell
The cell begins to elongate
The plasma membrane grows inward and forms two new cells

9. Pg. 67 Gene Regulation
The cell cycle so it is a cycle! It continues to go around and around.

10. Cell Cycle regulation
There is evidence towards cytoplasmic signals that control the cell cycle.
Key Point #1:
Cell cycle control: a set of molecules in the cell that both trigger and coordinates the CC.
Regulated at certain checkpoints
(Like a dishwashing machine)

11. Cell Cycle regulation Key Point #2:
Checkpoint: a control point where stop and go signals exist
Checkpoints register signals form inside and outside the cell if the cell cycle should proceed OR STOP
3 checkpoints: G1, G2, and M phase

12. Cell Cycle regulation G1 check point: AKA the “restriction point”
Most important checkpoint
GO(green light): complete G1, S, G2, and M phases
STOP: Exit the cycle and switch into a non dividing state (G0)
Most cells are in the G0 phase
Mature nerve cells do no need to divide

14. Cyclin-dependent Kinases (Cdks): Activate or inactivate other proteins
Cell Cycle regulation
Cyclin-dependent Kinases (Cdks):
Activate or inactivate other proteins
Checkpoint at G1 and G2
Cyclin: cyclically fluctuating concentration
Kinase: activate or inactivate proteins by giving them a phosphate group

15. MPF MPF: maturation-promoting factor M-phase promoting factor
Triggers the cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into M phase
When cyclin is high during G2, this causes MPF to phosphorylates other proteins.
During anaphase, MPF switches itself off

16. PDGF
Made by platelets
PDGF binds to a receptor and this triggers G1 checkpoint and get ready to divide
IN HEALING!

17. Cancer
Cancel cells do not heed the normal signals that regulate the cell cycle. They divide excessively and invade other tissues. If unchecked, they can kill organisms.

18. Cancer
Cancer cells do not stop dividing when growth factors are depleted.
Cancer cells may make their own growth factors!

19. Process of a cancerous cell
Transformation: a normal cell converts into a cancer cell
Immune system will cell the transformed cell, if not, the cell will rapidly divide and form a tumor
Benign tumor: not dangerous tumor
Malignant tumor: invasive and starts to impair normal function (cancer)
Cancer cells metastasize: spread from original location

20. Mitosis Review
Label each picture of mitosis:

21. Cell regulation Review
What protein (regulator) acts at G1? Cdk’s.
MPF regulates after G2 phase and before M-phase.