1.
Sensitivity of reaction dynamics by analysis of kinetic energy spectra of emitted light particles and formation of evaporation residue nuclei
G. Giardinaa, G. Mandagliob,c, A.K. Nasirovd,e, A. Anastasia,f, F. Curciarellof, G. Fazioa
aDipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
bDipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
cINFN Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
dJINR - Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Dubna, Russia
eNational University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
f INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy 1

2. OUTLINE
Kinds of processes in heavy-ion reactions leading to fragments and evaporation residues
Ambiguities and reliability of experimental procedures of extracting data of excitation functions
Role and sensitivity of ingredients characterizing the theoretical approaches and consequently of the calculated results
Comparison and discussion about results obtained in very mass- asymmetric and almost mass-symmetric reactions leading to the same compound nucleus
Conclusions 1

3. Scheme of processes during nuclear reaction
Scheme of processes during nuclear reaction
We have to consider only dissipative
and full momentum transfer reactions 1

4.
Complete Fusion 1

5. Fusion probability PCN
Fusion probability PCN
branching ratio between complete fusion to quasifission,
or hindrance factor to complete fusion 1

6. Calculation of the complete fusion probability PCN
Calculation of the complete fusion probability PCN
Ref. [39]: V. Zagrebaev and W. Greiner, Phys. Rev. C 78, (2008). 1

7.
W. Loveland 1

8. Fast fission with f≤  ≤ d where for  > f , Bf = 0
Fast fission
with
f≤  ≤ d
where for
 > f , Bf = 0 1

9.
200Pb 1

10. 1

11.
(by Warsaw Group) 1

12.
Evaporation Residues
(for the xth step of the de-excitation cascade of CN,
where )
excitation energy of DNS
excitation energy of CN 1

13. 1

14. 1

15. 1

16. 1

17. 1

18. 1

19. 1

20. 1

21. 1

22. 1

23. 1

24. 1

25. 1

26. 1

27. 1

28. 25,26Mg+248Cm 273,274Hs Capture, Fusion, Quasifission
25,26Mg+248Cm ,274Hs Capture, Fusion, Quasifission 1

29. arXiv:1403.4322v 1 PCN is known to be 1.0 (no quasifission)
 arXiv: v 1
PCN is known to be 1.0 (no quasifission)
for this system [7–9] leading to an unambiguous relation
between the observed neutron multiplicity and Wsur.
Decay of the completely fused system by
charged particle emission is neglected. 1

30. Fusion probability PCN
Fusion probability PCN 1

31. 25,26Mg+248Cm 273,274Hs Evaporation residues
25,26Mg+248Cm ,274Hs Evaporation residues 1

32.
25,26Mg+248Cm ,274Hs (n / total)
n / tot (274Hs, E*CN=80 MeV) = 1.5 x MeV
n / tot (273Hs, E* = 70 MeV) = 3.9 x MeV
n / tot (272Hs, E* = 60 MeV) = 1.3 x MeV
n / tot (271Hs, E* = 50 MeV) = 9.5 x MeV
n / tot (270Hs, E* = 45 MeV) = 1.8 x MeV
n / tot (273Hs, E*CN = 70 MeV) = 7.0 x MeV
n / tot (272Hs, E* = 60 MeV) = 2.3 x MeV
n / tot (271Hs, E* = 50 MeV) = 1.0 x MeV
n / tot (270Hs, E* = 45 MeV) = 3.0 x MeV 1

33.
25,26Mg+248Cm ,274Hs (n / fiss )
fiss ~ tot 1

34.
Reaction leading to 220Th
(b)
(a) 1

35. Reaction leading to 274Hs (108)
Reaction leading to 274Hs (108)
(b)
(a) 1

36. 1

37. 82Se+138Ba 220Th 5n 4n 4 6n+7n 3n 2n+2n 4n+5n 1n+1n 6n+7n p4n
82Se+138Ba Th 5n 4n 4
6n+7n 3n
2n+2n
4n+5n
1n+1n
6n+7n
p4n
p6n+p7n
p3n
p5n 1

38.
Conclusions
Any nuclear reaction between heavy ions occurs and evolves through various modes that depend on specific intrinsic properties of colliding nuclei, but also by various processes that can be involved and that characterize the reaction dynamics to the formation of reaction products.
Some kinds of reactions leading to heavy and superheavy nuclei will be presented and analyzed, and the influences resulting from the assumptions made during the experimental and theoretical procedures on the formation of the final reaction products will discussed.
It is therefore necessary to use refined procedures in experimental analysis and theoretical calculation in order to obtain reliable results. For this purpose, it would be useful to present experimental and theoretical results by showing variations that they undergo when assumption made to simplify the analysis and calculation are varied or even released. 1

39.
Conclusions
4) It is important to compare and critically discuss the results obtained for the mass asymmetric reactions and for those more mass symmetric ones to better understand the role determined by the specific conditions that characterize the various nuclear reactions.
5)It is a problematic task at present time to measure ER cross sections of SHE with Z=120, and it is impossible by reaction with z paramenter higher than about 240.
Then, mass symmetryc reactions with z > 240, as for example 136Xe+136Xe reaction (where z = 284), cannot form ER nuclei because that reaction does not give an useful fusion cross section. Since heaviest targets are limited to isotopes of Cm and Cf, the use of heavier projectiles, like Ti and Cr nuclei, is the way to reach superheavy elements Z higher than 120, but ER becomes about 1 fb or lower. Consequently, the synthesis of SHE with Z > 120 comes to serious limits connected with the experimental possibilities. Such limits are also connected mainly with the role of the intense repulsive Coulomb and centrifugal forces between the reactant nuclei. 1

40.
SPARES 1

41.
24Mg+248Cm 1

42.
34S+238U 1

43.
PCN ( 24Mg+248Cm , 34S+238U ) 1

44. 1

45. 1

46. 1

47. (48Ca+249Bk for the synthesis of the 297117 element)
(48Ca+249Bk for the synthesis of the element) 1

48.
Anisotropy of fission fragment angular distribution and variance k02 of k distribution 1

49. < 2> distribution
< 2> distribution 1

50. Angular anisotropy and variance k02
Angular anisotropy and variance k02 1

51. Comparison with experimental data
Comparison with experimental data 1

52. 1

53.
Large nucleon number transfer investigation in quasifission process by very massive nucleus reactions:
W. Loveland, A.M Vinodkumar et al., 1

54. 1

55. 1

56.
Ca+Bk
Cr+Cf
Fe+Cf
Ni+Cf
Cr+Cm 1

57.
64Ni 1