1. Describe two types of DNA mutations
Homework: Study for Final Exam!!!
EOC Review Questions Due 6/1 (Friday)

2. DNA to Protein Video

3. DNA Structure DNA is double stranded and stores genetic information
Made of nucleotides
Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base (Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)
Bases are held together by hydrogen bonds
A binds with T, G binds with C

4. Transcription 1st step of protein synthesis (making proteins)
Transcription takes DNA and makes mRNA
DNA: A, T, G, C
mRNA: A, U, G, C
RNA is single stranded and made of ribose sugar
mRNA is a messenger that can leave the nucleus

5. Translation 2nd step of protein synthesis
mRNA leaves the nucleus and binds with a ribosome
The mRNA is read three letters at a time (codon)
Each three letters codes for the appropriate tRNA strand to bind which is carrying the correct amino acids
Amino acids are chained together by peptide bonds to make a protein
This occurs in the cytoplasm on a ribosome

6. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Bacteria, cell wall, flagella, NO nucleus
Transcription and translation both occur in the cytoplasm
Eukaryotes
Plants, animals, fungi, protists
Nucleus, some have cell wall
Transcription occurs in nucleus, translation occurs in cytoplasm
ALL CELLS HAVE: cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes

7. Mutations Point mutation: one nucleotide is substituted for another
Ex: Sickle cell
Frameshift mutation: one (or more) nucleotide is added or deleted
Ex: Huntington’s Disease
Frameshift mutations cause the entire chain of letters to shift, changing every codon after the mutation
Usually more harmful than point mutations

8. Meiosis The process of making egg and sperm cells (gametes, sex cells)
The number of chromosomes is cut in half through TWO rounds of cell division
This way, the egg and the sperm each carry 23 chromosomes so the zygote gets the proper number (46).
Increases genetic variation through crossing over and independent assortment

9. Genetics Dominant- Trait that shows up, even with just 1 allele (T)
Recessive- the trait that is masked by the dominant (t)
Homozygous- Two of the same alleles (tt or TT)
Heterozygous- Two different alleles (Tt)
Genotype- The genetic make up (i.e. the letters like TT or tt)
Phenotype- physical characteristics

10. Complex Genetics Co-dominance- when TWO traits show up as dominant
Ex: Roan cattle
Incomplete Dominance- When neither is completely dominant, so the heterozygous is a blending of traits
Ex: white X red flower = pink flowers
Multiple Alleles- traits controlled by more than 2 alleles
Ex: blood types: A, B, and O