1. From DNA to RNA to Proteins
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
From DNA to RNA to Proteins

2. Genes
Section of DNA that controls making of proteins

3. Protein Synthesis Overview
2 Main Processes
Transcription-DNA copied to RNA (nucleus)
Translation-RNA made into proteins (ribosomes)

4. DNA mRNA Amino acid Protein Transcription! Ribosome tRNA
Translation!!!!

5. Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)-carries protein making instructions from DNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- Part of the ribosome-makes proteins
Transfer RNA (tRNA)- transfers amino acids to ribosome to make protein.

6. DNA vs. RNA DNA Sugar (Deoxyribose) Phosphate group Nitogenous Bases AC
Double Stranded
RNA
Sugar (Ribose)
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous Bases A
U (Not “T”) G C
Single Stranded

9. Transcription
1. DNA is unzipped (by RNA polymerase-enzyme) at a gene. “Promoter” initiates copying.
2. ONE strand of the DNA template is transcribed (copied) into mRNA using complimentary base pairing.
3. RNA polymerase reaches “termination Signal”/end of gene. Stops copying.

12. Codon
__3_ consecutive __bases_ on ___mRNA___ that specify _1 particular amino acid.

13. Replication
DNA TO DNA
Transcription
DNA to mRNA A U A T C C G G C G C G A T A T

14. Transcribe the following DNA strands into mRNA .
ATTCGACG
UAAGCUGC
TTACCAGC
AAUGGUCG
TTAAAACG
AAUUUUGC

15.
Transcription video

17. FLOW OF GENETIC INFO
Genetic Trait-Blue eyes

18. B A
NUCLEUS C

19. Translation Video

20. Translation -- The decoding of mRNA into a protein
Nuclear envelope
Amino acid
tRNA
Polypeptide chain
Cell membrane

21. Transcription/translation video

22. How is Protein Synthesis like a candy factory?

24. Decode mRNA to Proteins
Translation
Decode mRNA to Proteins

25. Break the mRNA strand into codons!
Steps of Translation
1. The mRNA strand is broken into codons
(Codon- 3 bases that code for an amino acids.)
AUGCCGAUC
Codon
Break the mRNA strand into codons!
AUGCCCGGGAAA

26. Translation
2.Ribosome reads the codons and translates them into amino acids.
How??
Uses the Genetic Code
Match the first letter on the left
Match the second letter on the top
Match the third letter on the right
Ex: codon AUG
Amino Acid: Methionine

27. UGG- GAA- ACA- UAG- AGC- CAG-
What amino acid goes with the following codons:
UGG-
GAA-
ACA-
UAG-
AGC-
CAG-

28. Example
AUGCCCGGGAAA
Met
Pro
Gly
Lys

29. 3. rRNA sends for the tRNA to bring the correct amino acids.
4.The tRNA anticodons match up with the mRNA codons
Ex: mRNA CUG -codon
t RNA GAC -anticodon brings the amino acid methionine attached to it.
5.Amino acids are attached to each other making a protein, until a STOP codon is reached

30. Translation continued
6. Disassembly- Ribosome complex falls apart. Polypeptide chain (protein) is released.

37. DNA: ACA TTG TAG CAT
mRNA:
AminoAcids:
DNA: TTT TAC TGG CGC GTA

39. The bases below are DNA-Transcribe into mRNA, then translate to amino acids
DNA= TAGCATTACACT
mRNA=AUC-GUA-AUG-UGA
Amino Acid=Ile-Val-Met-Stop

41. The bases below are DNA-Transcribe into mRNA, then translate to amino acids
DNA= TTG-TCG-CGA-ACC-AGC-GGC-TAA
mRNA=AAC-AGC-GCU-UGG-UCG-CCG-AUU
Amino Acid=Asn-Ser-Ala-Trp-Ser-Pro-Ile