1. Muscular System Objective 1.04

2. 1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system
BELL WORK FOR FRIDAY!!
HOW DO YOU ANTICIPATE USING YOUR MUSCLES THIS WEEKEND? LIST THE DIFFERENT WAYS YOU FORSEE USING YOUR MUSCLES…
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

3. Bell work for Monday-HSI
Define the following prefixes; a-, bi-, my/o-, quad-, tri-
Define the following suffixes: -asthenia, -tonic, -trophy
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

4. Bell Work for Wednesday
The muscle has three main responsibilities (I know we covered more, but these are the main ones). They are:
Body movement, body form and shape or to maintain posture, maintain body heat
Body movement, nervous system function and production of white blood cells
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

5. Answer to Doorway activity
This is to do with the way in which your muscles control their length because hidden inside each of our muscles is a tiny thing called a muscle spindle and this is like a miniature muscle which has nerve fibres in it and those nerve fibres can tell how much the muscle is being stretched or lengthened. When you put force through a muscle it's trying to register, 'how hard should I contract, am I contracting at the right rate?' If the muscle is contacting hard but not going anywhere then this spindle doesn't stretch and it keeps sending messages back to the muscle saying you're not getting any longer, work harder. So when you're pushing up against the wall and your arm isn't going anywhere , it's trying to contract harder and harder to move the wall which, of course, doesn't move. Then when you move away from the wall and you switch off the voluntary drive to the muscle the spindle is still set to say I'm too short, I need to be longer. It tells your nervous system automatically like a reflex to make your arms longer.
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

6. 1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system
Comprises nearly half our weight.
Over 650 muscles.
Each muscle is made up of hundreds or thousands of muscle fibers.
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

7. 1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system
Functions of muscles
Functions of muscle tissue
Movement: Our body's skeleton gives enough rigidity to our body that skeletal muscles can yank and pull on it, resulting in body movements such as walking, chewing, running, lifting, manipulating objects with our hands, and picking our noses.
Maintenance of posture: Without much conscious control, our muscles generate a constant contractile force that allows us to maintain an erect or seated position, or posture.
Respiration: Our muscular system automatically drives movement of air into and out of our body.
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

8. 1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system
Functions continued
Heat generation: Contraction of muscle tissue generates heat, which is essential for maintenance of temperature homeostasis. For instance, if our core body temperature falls, we shiver to generate more heat.
Communication: Muscle tissue allows us to talk, gesture, write, and convey our emotional state by doing such things as smiling or frowning.
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

9. 1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system
Functions continued
Constriction of organs and blood vessels: Nutrients move through our digestive tract, urine is passed out of the body, and secretions are propelled out of glands by contraction of smooth muscle. Constriction or relaxation of blood vessels regulates blood pressure and blood distribution throughout the body.
Pumping blood: Blood moves through the blood vessels because our heart tirelessly receives blood and delivers it to all body tissues and organs.
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

10. 1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system
Functions of muscles
This isn't a complete list. Among the many possible examples are the facts that muscles help protect fragile internal organs by enclosing them, and are also critical in maintaining the integrity of body cavities. For example, fetuses with incompletely formed diaphragms have abdominal contents herniate (protrude) up into the thoracic cavity, which inhibits normal lung growth and development. Even though this is an incomplete list, an appreciation of some of these basic muscle functions will help you as we proceed.
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

11. The Muscular System: Muscle Fibers
Bundles of threadlike structures called myofibrils
Composed of:
Myosin
Actin
Form overlapping pattern called sarcomere
muscle muscle fiber
sarcolemma sarcomere
functional unit of muscle movement
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

12. Structures of the muscular system
Muscles
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Sphincter
Connective tissue
Tendons
Fascia
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

13. Structures of the muscular system
Types of Muscle
Skeletal muscles
Attached to bone
Striated (striped) appearance
Voluntary
Multinucleated muscle cell bundles
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

14. Structures of the muscular system
Types of Muscle
Smooth muscles
Also known as visceral muscles
Involuntary
Located in walls of digestive system, uterus & blood vessels
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

15. Structures of the muscular system
Types of Muscle
Cardiac muscle
Found only in the heart
Striated, branched
Involuntary
Cells are fused- when one contracts, they all contract, creating the heartbeat
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

16. Structures of the muscular system
Types of Muscle
Sphincter muscles
Also called dilator muscles
Special, circular muscles
Located in the
digestive system
urinary system
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

17. Structures of the muscular system
Types of Muscle
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Sphincter
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

18. Structures of the muscular system
Connective tissue
Tendons
dense bands that connect skeletal muscle to the bone
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

19. Structures of the muscular system
Connective tissue
Fascia
Fibrous connective tissue sheets that wrap around muscle bundles
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

20. How do skeletal muscles get their names?
Location-Frontalis
Action flexor-flexor carpi radialis
Size-Gluteus Maximus
Extensor-extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle-extend and abduct the wrist
Direction-External Oblique
Number of origins-biceps brachii
Depressor-Depressor anguli oris muscle
Location of origin and insertion-sternocleidomastoid
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21. 1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system
Head & Neck Muscles
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

22. Torso/Trunk (anterior)
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23. Bell Work for Wednesday
How do skeletal muscles get their name? Give an example of a few methods (you can use your notes)
What does the prefix hyper mean?
What does the suffix –trophy mean?
What does the prefix a- or an- mean before a root word?
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24. Torso/Trunk (anterior)
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25. Torso/Trunk (posterior)
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26. 1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system
Upper extremities
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27. 1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system
Lower extremities
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

28. The muscular system review Anterior view
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

29. The muscular system review Posterior view
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

30. Characteristics of Muscles
Contractibility
Excitability
Extensibility
Elasticity
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

31. Characteristics of Muscles
Contractibility:
the degree to
Which muscle
Fibers can shorten
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

32. Characteristics of Muscles
Contractibility
Myoneural stimulation +
contraction of muscle proteins =
movement and heat
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

33. Characteristics of Muscles
Contractibility
Neurotransmitter at site of muscle stimulus.
The sodium-potassium pump of the membrane of a muscle cell.
The purpose of this slide is to illustrate the complexity of the process of movement.
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

34. Characteristics of Muscles
Excitability:
Ability to
Respond to a
Stimulus; can be a motor
neuron
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

35. Characteristics of Muscles
Extensibility-ability to be stretched
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

36. Characteristics of Muscles
Elasticity: ability to
recoil or bounce back to
Original length after being
stretched
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

37. Characteristics of Muscles
Contractibility
Excitability
Extensibility
Elasticity
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

38. Muscle Tone
Discuss muscle tone: muscles are always slightly contracted and ready to pull.
Atrophy:
a- ________ -trophy _nourishment / development___
Hypertrophy:
hyper- _______ -trophy _nourishment / development__
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

39. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system
Muscle Tone
John just got a cast off his leg. His calf muscle on the affected leg is 1” smaller in diameter than his other calf muscle.
What happened?
How do you explain this to him?
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

40. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system
Muscle Fatigue
Discuss muscle fatigue:
What causes muscle fatigue?
How does the body correct muscle fatigue?
Is muscle fatigue dangerous? Why / why not?
Discuss aerobic and anaerobic exercise.
Give examples of each.
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

41. 1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system
Muscle Fatigue
Occurs because of accumulation of lactic acid in muscles.
Vigorous activityblood unable to transport enough O2 for complete oxidation of glucose in musclesmuscles contract anaerobically (without oxygen)lactic acid builds upmuscle fatigue and cramping.
If you stop the activity, rest, and take in enough O2, lactic acid changes back to glucose.
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

42. Functions of the Muscular System
What are the functions of the muscular system?
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

43. Movement: Skeletal Muscle
Receptors in muscles provide the brain with information about body position and movement.
The brain controls the contraction of skeletal muscle.
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

44. Muscle Attachments and Functions
Muscles MUST be attached to bones for leverage in order to have something to pull against; MUSCLES ONLY PULL, NEVER PUSH
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

45. Movement
As your muscle contracts, one of the bones will move with the other will remain stationary.
Point of origin (end of the muscle that is attached to the stationary bone)
Point of insertion (end of muscle that is attached to the moving bone)
Prime mover or agonist
Antagonist – muscles that cause movement in the opposite direction
Synergists – assist primary mover
All movement is a result of contraction of primary movers and relaxation of opposing muscles.

46. Movement: Digestive System
The nervous system regulates the speed at which food moves through the digestive tract.
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

47. Movement: Circulatory System Heartbeat
The nervous system and hormones regulate the speed at which the heart beats.
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

48. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system
Posture
How does the muscular system effect posture?
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

49. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system
Body Heat
What is the body’s response to cold? Why?
How is this response helpful?
How does the body respond to exercise? Why?
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

50. Bell Work for Wednesday
Cory stretches every night after running. What is his desired outcome?
Atrophy
Contractibility
Extensibility
Hypertrophy
Sam works out at the gym 3-4 times a week. He can lift more weight than of his friends. What term would best describe Sam’s muscles?
Synergist, muscular hypertrophy
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

51. 1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system
Bell work for Friday
What are the functions of the muscular system?
What are the four types of muscles?
Patient has symptoms of depression, fatigue, pain at several tender points, what is going on?
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system

52. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system
Fibromyalgia
Discuss the pictures and how they relate to fibromyalgia.
Cause - unknown
Symptoms – chronic pain, fatigue, depression
Diagnosis – location of pain
Treatment – symptom management
Prognosis – good…management
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

53. Hernia
Weakness in the muscles of the abdominal wall that allows loops of intestine to balloon outward
Causes – muscle weakness, excessive internal pressure
Locations – groin, abd
Symptoms – protrusion, pain
Diagnosis – palpation, mri
Treatment - surgery
Prevention – abd exercises

54. 1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system
Hernia
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55. Muscle Spasms (Involuntary hypertonicity)
Symptoms – severe pain Diagnosis – hx, physical exam Treatment – rest, stretching, exercise Prognosis - good
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

56. Muscular Dystrophy
Cause – genetic defect…progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscle
Symptoms – muscle weakness, drooling, falling, eyelid drooping (ptosis)
Diagnosis – physical exam, genetic test
Treatment – no treatment to stop or reverse MD…treat symptoms
Prognosis - variable

57. 1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system
Muscular Dystrophy
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58. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system
Myasthenia Gravis
Cause - Autoimmune attack at neuromuscular junction…affects voluntary muscles…problem with how nerves stimulate muscles to contract
Symptoms – progressive, fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigue, double vision, difficulty with speech and chewing
Diagnosis – blood tests, EMG
Treatment – steroids, immunosuppressant drugs
Prognosis – with treatment may lead a normal, active life…remission possible
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59. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system
Strain
Overstretching of the tendons or the muscles themselves (“pulled muscle”).
Treatment = RICE
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60. 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system
Tendonitis
Usually from chronic injury, overuse
Pain and inflammation are common
Treatment = (P)RICE
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

61. Tetanus (Lockjaw)
Caused from a bacterial infection of clostridium tetani usually after puncture wound.
Symptoms include progressive muscle spasms, paralysis, stiffness and pain especially in jaw.
Diagnosis - physical exam, lab tests, history of wound
Treatment – wound hygiene, tetanus vaccine, pain management
Prognosis – without treatment 1 in 4 die…with treatment less than 10% infected die

62. 1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system
Bell work for Monday
Which muscle extends the lower arm?
Biceps brachii or triceps brachii
Which muscle points toes and flexes lower leg?
deltoid or gastrocnemius
Which muscle extends femur and rotates it outward?
frontalis or gluteus maximus
1.04 Remember the structures of the muscular system