1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

2. Characteristics of Life
Anatomy and Physiology are important components of biology --- the study of life.
So, when is something considered living?
To differentiate between living and nonliving things, scientists often refer to the Characteristics of Life.

3. Characteristics of Life
Responses to a Stimulus
Conduct Signals
Grows
Respires
Digests Foods
Absorbs Nutrients
Secretes Substances
Excretes Wastes
Circulates Materials
Capable of Reproduction

4. Levels of Organization
The 11 major systems of the human body that keep us alive:
1. integumentary 7. circulatory
2. skeletal respiratory
3. muscular digestive
4. nervous urinary
5. endocrine reproductive
6. lymphatic/immune

5. Integumenary System Structures: Functions:
- Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands
Functions:
Forms the external body covering
Protects deeper tissues from injury
Involved in vitamin D synthesis
Prevents desiccation, heat loss, and pathogen entry
Has pain and pressure receptors

6. Skeletal System Structures: Functions: The 206 bones of the human body
Protects and supports body organs
Provides a framework that muscles can use to create movement
Hemopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells)
Mineral storage

7. Muscular System Structures: Functions: The 600+ muscles of the body
Locomotion
Maintaining posture
Thermogenesis (generation of heat)

8. Nervous System Structures: Functions:
Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Functions:
The control system of the body
Monitoring of the internal and external environment and responding to those changes when necessary.

9. Endocrine System Structures: Functions: Hormone-secreting glands
Long-term control system of the body
Makes hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use among other things.

10. Lymphatic/Immune System
Structures:
Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus, White Blood Cells
Functions:
Returning “leaked” fluid back to the bloodstream
Disposal of debris
Attacking and resisting foreign invaders

11. Circulatory System Structures: Functions:
Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)
Functions:
The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels.
Blood transports nutrients, gases, wastes, hormones, and body heat.

12. Respiratory System Structures: Functions:
Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Functions:
Constantly supply the blood with O2, and remove CO2

13. Digestive System Structures: Functions:
Buccal cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
Functions:
Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into absorbable units that will enter the blood for distribution to the body’s cells

14. Urinary System Structures: Functions:
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Functions:
Removal of nitrogenous wastes
Regulation of body’s levels of water and electrolytes

15. Reproductive System Structures: Functions: Male: Female:
Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis
Female:
Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary glands
Functions:
Production of offspring