1. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

2. Anatomy and Physiology
Terminology:
Physiology vs Anatomy
Ancient Greek: physis, "nature, origin" logia, "study of"
Ancient Greek: ana, “separate, apart from”
temnein, “to cut up, cut open”

3. Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy deals with the structure of the body and its parts: what are things called?
Physiology studies the functions of these parts: how do they work?

4. Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomists rely on observation and dissection, while physiologists employ experimentation.

5. Levels of Organization
The human body is the sum of its parts and these parts can be studied at a variety of levels of organization.
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organism
Organ System
Organ

6. Anatomical Organization

7. Key Organ Systems in Human Anatomy
Body Covering
a. The integumentary system, including skin, hair, nails, and various glands, covers the body, senses changes outside the body, and helps regulate body temperature. 7

8. Support and Movement
a. The skeletal system is made up of bones and ligaments. It supports, protects, provides frameworks, stores inorganic salts, and houses blood-forming tissues.
b. The muscular system consists of the muscles that provide body movement, posture, and body heat. 8

9. Integration and Coordination
a. The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs. It integrates incoming information from receptors and sends impulses to muscles and glands.
b. The endocrine system, including all of the glands that secrete hormones, helps to integrate metabolic functions. 9

10. Transport
a. The cardiovascular system, made up of the heart and blood vessels, distributes oxygen and nutrients throughout the body while removing wastes from the cells.
b. The lymphatic system, consisting of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen, drains excess tissue fluid and includes cells of immunity. 10

11. Absorption and Excretion
a. The digestive system is made up of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs. It receives, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients.
b. The respiratory system exchanges gases between the blood and air and is made up of the lungs and passageways.
c. The urinary system, consisting of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, removes wastes from the blood and helps to maintain water and electrolyte balance. 11

12. Reproduction a. The reproductive system produces new organisms.
i. The male reproductive system consists of the testes, accessory organs, and vessels that conduct sperm to the penis.
ii. The female reproductive system consists of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia. The female reproductive system also houses the developing offspring. 12

13. Fig. 1.19 13

14. Characteristics of Life and Homeostasis

15. So, what do bodies need to function?
Characteristics of Life
Fundamental characteristics of life are traits shared by all organisms.
So, what do bodies need to function?

16. Characteristics of life include:
1. Movement (internal or gross)
2. Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change)
Response Test

17. 3. Growth & repair (increase or replacement of tissues without change in shape/function)17

18. 4. Reproduction (new organisms or new cells)18

19. 5. Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2)19

20. 6. Digestion (breakdown of food into simpler forms)
7. Absorption (movement of substances through membranes and into fluids)

21. 8. Circulation (movement within body fluids)
What Gets Moved?
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Wastes
Water
Nutrients
Blood/Lymph
etc 21

22. Well, maybe not that extreme…
9. Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms)
Well, maybe not that extreme… 22

23. 10. Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes)
Taken together, these 10 characteristics constitute an individuals metabolism. 23

24. Characteristics of Life Organ Systems
Which organ system(s) contribute to each of the characteristics listed on the left?
Movement
Responsiveness
Growth
Reproduction
Respiration
Digestion
Absorption
Assimilation
Circulation
Excretion
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular/Nervous
Reproductive
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Digestive
Respiratory
Urinary 24

25. Homeostasis
Imagine one day is very cold out, while the next day is very hot.
What effect does that have on your body temperature?
External environment – keeps changing
Internal environment - remains stable.
How?
Body has “Homeostatic Mechanisms” 25

26. Homeostasic Mechanisms
– monitor internal environment
- corrects changes
3 Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms:
receptors
function?
control center
tells what a particular value should be
effectors 26

27. 27

28. Types of Regulation negative feedback - checkpoint
most common!
ex. maintaining body temperature; release of most hormones, etc.
positive feedback – no checkpoint
blood clotting
labor 28

29. Example of Homeostasis Control of Body Temperature
Control Center
Hypothalamus
Thermo-
receptors
What temperature does your body try to maintain?
What changes occur when your body temperature is:
- too high? - too low? 29

30. Organization of the Human Body

31. Organization of the Human Body
Major features of the human body include its cavities, membranes, and organ systems.

32. Body Cavities: The body can be divided into two portions:
appendicular portion (upper and lower limbs)
axial portion (head, neck, and trunk)
dorsal cavity
ventral cavity

34. a. The dorsal cavity can be divided into two areas:
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal

36. b. The ventral cavity is made up of the following: Thoracic cavity
The mediastinum divides the thorax into right and left halves.
Abdominopelvic cavity
The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity.
A broad, thin muscle called the diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. 36

37. Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes

38. c. Smaller cavities within the head include the
c. Smaller cavities within the head include the oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, and middle ear cavities.

40. Anatomical Terminology
Relative Positions:
1. Terms of relative position describe the location of one body part with respect to another.
2. Terms of relative position include: superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial (peripheral), and deep.

41. LATERAL
SUPERIOR
INFERIOR
MEDIAL
LATERAL
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
PROXIMAL
DISTAL
SUPERFICIAL
DEEP
MEDIAL
SUPERIOR
LATERAL
PROXIMAL
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
DISTAL
DEEP
SUPERFICIAL
SUPERFICIAL
INFERIOR

42. Body Sections:
1. A sagittal section divides the body into right and left portions.
2. A transverse section divides the body into superior and inferior portions. It is often
called a “cross section”.
3. A coronal section divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

43. Body Sections

44. Body Regions
1. The abdominal area can be divided into nine regions.