1. Created by Phyllis Butler
ZOOPLANKTON
and
PHYTOPLANKTON
Created by Phyllis Butler

2. The Basics What are plankton? Phyto = plant Plankton = wanderer
Not strong swimmers they are carried by currents
Phytoplankton are autotrophic
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3. Plankton can be collected using a plankton net and flow meter.
LOcations
Plankton is found in Pelagic ( Open ocean) and Neritic ( Coastal) regions.
Plankton can be collected using a plankton net and flow meter.
The Fish larvae population is denser in the Pelagic.
Zoea crab population is denser in the Neritic.
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4. Importance of Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton is the base of the food chain.
Phytoplankton population decline causes zooplankton and apex predators to decline .
Apex Predators
Zooplankton
Phytoplankton
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5. Made of calcium (Calcareous)
PYTOPlankton
COCCPLITHOPHORES
Made of calcium (Calcareous)
Dissolve at low temperature DIATOMS = dominant
Made of silica (glass) In cold nutrient rich water. Golden blooms
DINOFLAGELLATES
Heterotrophic with flagella
Low light
Cause Red Tides which are toxic
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6. phytoplankton Diatoms
They are like glass.
Their top section fits over the bottom section like a box.
Essential food source for zooplankton and larger organisms such as clams.
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7. Dinoflagellates Has two flagella ( whip like organs to move)
Prefer warmer water
Red Tides are caused by Gonyaulax & Gymnodinium
Can be bioluminescent
Are Red- Green Christmas colors
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8. Dinoflagellates The Phytoplankton
 Asexual reproduction causes blooms are known as Red Tides
Some Dinoflagellates produce toxins that accumulate in the food chain and may affect other organisms
Many Dinoflagellates are auto- and heterotroph, some are only heterotroph
Ceratium
spec.
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9. Holoplankton – permanent members of the plankton
Zooplankton Groups
Zoo= Animal plankton
Meroplankton – spend the juvenile part of their lifecycle in the plankton
Holoplankton – permanent members of the plankton
Live in the pelagic ( open ocean) environment
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10. Plankton Net
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11. 11/29/2018

12. Asteronella
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13. Benthocodon
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14. Bolonopsis
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15. Ceratium
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16. Chaetocerus
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17. Copepod
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18. Copepod
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19. Ctenophore
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20. Ctenophore
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21. Cubozoan
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22. Gastropod larva
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23. Magacytophanes
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24. Nautilus
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25. Pandea
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26. Peridinium
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27. Pfiesteria
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28. Strombidium
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29. Thalassoria
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30. Themisto
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31. Data Results 1
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32. Data Results 2
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33. Data Results 3
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34. The Zooplankton
Foraminifera and Radiolaria
Both are single-celled .They eat phytoplankton & zooplankton. Daily migration for food & safety.
Foraminiferans are made of calcium carbonate Radiolarians are made of silica which is glass
 Their skeletons form thick layers of Foraminiferan or Radiolarian ooze in the deep ocean.
They can be indicators of undersea oil deposits.
(Radiolaria)
Foraminifera
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35. Meroplankton: Larvae Planktonic larvae occur in virtually all phyla;
Other relevant groups of zooplankton
Meroplankton: Larvae
Planktonic larvae occur in virtually all phyla;
Echinodermata Sand dollars
Crustacea Crabs called Zoea
Cnidaria Jellyfish
Nemertini & Annelida Worms
Bryozoa Coral like
Porifera Sponge
Mollusca Veliger
Also Fish larvae belong to the plankton (Ichthyoplankton)
Trochophora
larvae
(Spiralia)
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36. Pteropds which are mollusks Planktonic squids Annelida worms
MEROPLANKTON only plankton as juveniles
Molluscs, annelids, chaetognatha, crustaceans
Examples of organisms that begin their life as Plankton;
Pteropds which are mollusks
Planktonic squids
Annelida worms
 Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
5mm
1mm
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37. Flotation mechanisms Strategies to avoid sinking: decrease of density
• replacement of heavy chemical ions by osmotically similar lighter ones Noctiluca miliaris and cranchid squids: NH4Cl (1.01 g/cm3) enriched; seawater (1.025 g/cm3) Salps, ctenophores, heteropods: Substitution of the heavy SO42-by the lighter Cl-) Cl (1.01 g/cm3) enriched; seawater (1.025 g/cm3)
• oils and fats copepods: excess food stored as oil droplets under carapace diatoms: storage of oil drops
• gas-filled floats Hydrozoa: Physalia and Velella
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38. Development of flattened body shapes
Flotation mechanisms
Strategies to avoid sinking
surface of resistance
Small body size the smaller the organisms the greater the ratio of surface area to volume
Development of spines and body projections add surface area but little weight
Development of flattened body shapes
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39. Primary Producers
Primary Producers
Kelp forests are one of the ocean’s most productive habitats.
© 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
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40. FOOD WEBS
* Energy flows through living systems, but matter is recycled.
* Primary producers, called autotrophs, synthesize glucose by the
process of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
* Heterotrophs cannot synthesize glucose, and must consume
autotrophs or other heterotrophs for food.
* Feeding relationships resemble webs.
* Phytoplankton are some of the world’s most important producers;
zooplankton are the most abundant consumers in the ocean.
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41. Plankton
Plankton Trap
Plankton are drifting autotrophs. Plankton is a group of many species, some photosynthetic and some chemosynthetic. Scientists can collect and study plankton using plankton nets.
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42. Feeding Relationships
Food Chain Example
This is just a dummy box
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43. Factors That Limit Productivity
What factors could limit primary productivity?
Water
Carbon dioxide
Inorganic nutrients
Sunlight
Since water and carbon dioxide are in good supply in the ocean, the factors that usually limit primary productivity are inorganic nutrients and sunlight.
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44. Global Distribution of Plankton Productivity
This is a dummy box
The distribution of phytoplankton corresponds to the distribution of macronutrients. The productivity of plankton varies between the seasons.
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45. Larger Marine Producers
Some oceanic autotrophs are attached (remember, plankton are drifters). Attached autotrophs are forms of protists we commonly call algae, or seaweed. Seaweeds can be classified based on the type of pigments they have.
Chlorophytes are green due to the presence of chlorophyll and the lack of accessory pigments.
Phaeophytes are brown. They contain chlorophyll and the secondary pigment fucoxanthin
Rhodophytes These seaweeds get their red color from the accessory pigments called phycobilius.
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46. Larger Marine Producers
Rhodophytes can be encrusting (a) or erect (b).
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47. Mangroves are found in sediment rich lagoons, bays and estuaries.
Aquatic Plants
Angiosperms are advanced vascular plants that reproduce with flowers and seed.
Sea grasses are found on the coasts. Their seeds are distributed by water. Sea grasses are very productive as compared to phytoplankton.
Mangroves are found in sediment rich lagoons, bays and estuaries.
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48. Produced by Phyllis Butler
The end
Produced by Phyllis Butler