1. Crystal Oscillators
Alex Fertelmes

2. High Level Description
Crystal
If a crystal is placed into the feedback path of an amplifier circuit, it begins to oscillate at a frequency dependent primarily on the dimensions of the crystal
The size of the crystal is the primary factor in determining the frequency of the oscillation
Example
The Earth rotates once and this designates the time period of a day.
If the Earth rotated at a different speed (frequency) the amount of time in a day would be different

3. Piezoelectric Effect

4. Package Information / Performance Cost: $0.79-1.00 $1.59-2.75

6. TTL Crystal Oscillator
50 ns per division
About 250 ns in period
1/250 ns = 4 MHz

7. Crystal
10 ms per division
About 16 ms in period
1/16 ms = 62.5 Hz

8. Frequency Stability Effected by Temperature Time of operation (Aging)
Correction Methods
Temperature compensated oscillators TCXO
(voltage control) VCXO
Oven controlled oscillators OCXO