1. Chemical Reactions and Quantities
The Mole

2. Chemical Reactions and Quantities Vocabulary
Mole
Avogadro’s Number
Formula Unit
Conversion Factor
Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
Molar Mass
Review Vocabulary
Atom
Molecule
Ionic Compound
Covalent Compound
Particle

3. The Mole Definitions in English
A small congenital growth on the human skin, usually slightly raised and dark and sometimes hairy
Any of various small, insect-eating mammals, esp. of the family Talpidae, living chiefly underground and having velvety fur, very small eyes, and strong forefeet.
A spy who becomes part of and works from within the ranks of an enemy governmental staff or intelligence agency.

4. Chemical Reactions and Quantities
Definitions in Chemistry
1. The amount of a substance that contains as many atoms, molecules, ions, or other elementary units as the number of atoms in kilogram of carbon 12. The number is × 1023, or Avogadro's number.

5. Collection Terms A collection term states a specific number of items.
1 dozen donuts = 12 donuts
1 ream of paper = sheets
1 case = 24 cans

6. A Mole of Atoms A mole is a collection that contains
the same number of particles as there are carbon atoms in 12.0 g of carbon 12C
6.02 x 1023 atoms of an element (Avogadro’s number)
1 mole of Element Number of Atoms
1 mole of C = x 1023 C atoms
1 mole of Na = x 1023 Na atoms
1 mole of Au = x 1023 Au atoms

7. A Mole of a Compound A mole
of a covalent compound has Avogadro’s number of molecules
1 mole of CO2 = x 1023 CO2 molecules
1 mole of H2O = x 1023 H2O molecules
of an ionic compound contains Avogadro’s number of formula units
1 mole of NaCl = 6.02 x 1023 NaCl formula units
1 mole of K2SO4 = 6.02 x 1023 K2SO4 formula units

8. Particle in One-Mole Samples

9. Avogadro’s Number Avogadro’s number (6.02 x 1023) can be written as an
equality and two conversion factors.
Equality:
1 mole = x 1023 particles
Conversion Factors:
6.02 x 1023 particles and mole
1 mole x 1023 particles

10. Using Avogadro’s Number
Avogadro’s number is used to convert
moles of a substance to particles.
How many Cu atoms are in 0.50 mole of
Cu?
0.50 mole Cu x x 1023 Cu atoms
1 mole Cu
= 3.0 x 1023 Cu atoms

11. Using Avogadro’s Number (continued)
Avogadro’s number is used to convert
particles of a substance to moles.
How many moles of CO2 are in
2.50 x 1024 molecules of CO2?
2.50 x 1024 molecules CO2 x mole CO2
6.02 x 1023 molecules CO2
= moles of CO2

12. Learning Check 1. The number of atoms in 2.0 moles of Al is
A Al atoms
B x 1023 Al atoms
C x 1024 Al atoms
2. The number of moles of S in 1.8 x 1024 atoms of S is
A mole of S atoms
B moles of S atoms
C x 1048 moles of S atoms

13. Solution 1. The number of atoms in 2.0 moles of Al is
C x 1024 Al atoms
2.0 moles Al x 6.02 x 1023 Al atoms
1 mole Al
2. The number of moles of S in 1.8 x atoms of S is
B moles of S atoms
1.8 x 1024 S atoms x mole S
6.02 x 1023 S atoms

14. Subscripts and Moles The subscripts in a formula give
the relationship of atoms in the formula
the moles of each element in 1 mole of a compound
Glucose
C6H12O6
In 1 molecule: 6 atoms of C 12 atoms of H atoms of O
In 1 mole: 6 moles of C 12 moles of H moles of O

15. Subscripts State Atoms and Moles
1 mole of C9H8O4 = 9 moles of C 8 moles of H 4 moles of O

16. Factors from Subscripts
Subscripts used for conversion factors
relate moles of each element in 1 mole compound
for aspirin, C9H8O4 , can be written as:
9 moles C moles H moles O
1 mole C9H8O mole C9H8O4 1 mole C9H8O4
and
1 mole C9H8O mole C9H8O mole C9H8O4
9 moles C moles H moles O

17. Guide to Calculating the Particles of a Substance

18. Learning Check
How many O atoms are in mole of aspirin, C9H8O4?

19. Solution How many O atoms are in 0.150 mole of aspirin, C9H8O4?
STEP 1 Given: mole of aspirin
STEP 2 Write a plan:
Moles of aspirin moles of O atoms of O
STEP 3 Write conversion factors:
1 mole of C9H8O4 = 4 moles of O
1 mole of C9H8O4 and 4 moles of O
4 moles of O mole of C9H8O4
1 mole of O = x 1023 atoms of O
1 mole of O and x 1023 atoms of O
6.02 x 1023 atoms of O mole of O

20. Solution (continued) STEP 4 Set up problem to calculate atoms of O:
0.150 mole C9H8O4 x 4 moles O x x 1023 O atoms
1 mole C9H8O4 1 mole O
subscript Avogadro’s
factor number
= x 1023 O atoms