1. On the Eve of a New World Order – Democratic Revolutions

2. England Popular Tudors followed by Stuarts
James I and Charles I unpopular
Divine right
Friendship with Catholic Spain
Ruled without Parliament
Imprisoned people without trial

3. England Parliament issues the Petition of Right
Cannot levy taxes without Parliament’s consent
Can’t imprison people without a specific charge (habeas corpus)
Could not quarter (house) troops in private homes without consent

4. English Civil War James I Charles I- rules by divine right
Conflict between Stuarts and Parliament (dominated by Puritans) CIVIL WAR
Parliament wins
Charles I beheaded – symbol of abs.
Oliver Cromwell rules England
Dictatorship
Puritan intolerance of Anglicanism
Severe Puritan moral code

5. English Civil War Cromwell dies, Stuarts rule again
“Restoration” of the Stuarts
Charles II new king but makes reforms
Pledges to observe Magna Carta (kings do NOT have unlimited power) and Petition of Right
Habeas Corpus Act – no arrest without court order
Must be charged, can have bail

6. English Civil War James II antagonizes Parliament again
The Glorious Revolution
Parliament offers the crown to William and Mary
Bloodless revolution – restores peace to England
Bill of Rights passed
Toleration Act passed (religious freedom)

7. Summary James I Charles I Charles II James II A James “Sandwich” 
CIVIL WAR – Parliament – Oliver Cromwell (Puritan)
Charles II
James II
A James “Sandwich” 

8. Democratic Revolutions
Earlier democratic reforms in England with the Glorious Revolution
Democratic traditions long part of English history
Magna Carta
Jury System
Parliament
Common Law
Petition of Right

9. American Revolution
Neglected colonies for 150 years (Salutary Neglect)
Mercantilism – favorable trade for GB
French and Indian War (7 Year’s War) – GB v. France for control of N. America
England wins N. America from the French – new restrictions and taxes to pay for the war
Changes our relationship with England forever
First Continental Congress - Colonial defiance and resistance – demonstrations, boycotts, protests, committees, Boston Tea Party
Colonies had all been separate

10. American Revolution cont.
April 1775, Lexington & Concord – First shots (“heard around the world”)
2nd Continental Congress:
George Washington in command
Declaration of Independence (1776) by Thomas Jefferson – based on Enlightenment ideas of Locke, Rousseau, etc.
Americans defeat British (Cornwallis surrenders to Washington) win independence

11. American Revolution cont.
Articles of Confederation – first government (weak, couldn’t tax, raise and army, regulate trade, etc.) Why?
Philadelphia – went to revise Articles
New government entirely – Constitution
Separation of powers
Legislative – makes laws
Executive – enforces laws
Judicial – interprets laws

12. American Revolution cont.
Checks and balances – each branch limits the others (veto, appointments, controlling $)
Bicameral – 2 house legislature
Senate – 2 per state (total 100)
House of Representatives – based on population (total 435)

13. American Revolution cont.
Not approved until Bill of Rights added
First 10 amendments to the Constitution
1 – speech, press, religion, assembly, petition
2 – bear arms
3 – no quartering of troops
4 – no unreasonable searches & seizures

14. Amendments cont. 5 – Rights of the accused
Grand jury, no double jeopardy, no self-incrimination, can’t take property without compensation
6 – Rights of the accused
Speedy and public trial, impartial jury, informed of the charges, confront witnesses, lawyer
7 – Jury trial in civil suit (over $20)
8 – No unreasonable fine, punishment, bail
Only 27 total amendments in over 200 years!

15. The French Revolution – Political and Social Upheaval

16. Doctors, Lawyers, Merchants, (Bourgeoisie)
1% - Clergy
2% - Nobility
97% - Everyone
Else
Doctors, Lawyers, Merchants, (Bourgeoisie)
Peasants, Serfs, etc.

17. The French Revolution Fundamental causes – Abuses of the Old Regime
King Louis XVI ruled by divine right
Ministers selected by favoritism, not ability
Censored press and speech
Lettres de cachet – imprisoned enemies indefinitely w/out charge, trial, bail
People had no voice in government

18. Causes cont. 3 distinct classes - Estates First – clergy
Second – nobility
Third – the rest (bourgeoisie – bankers, manufacturers, professionals, city workers, peasants – made up 97% of the population!)
1st and 2nd estates owned most land, power, held best jobs, exempt from most taxes

19. Causes cont.
Enlightenment ideas spread new views on gov’t. power & authority (Am. Rev. also)
Louis XVI spent vast sums of money on Versailles, helping Americans in Revolution
Inflation, poor harvests
Weak king who failed to act
Forced to call Estates General (legislature) – he needs $$$$$
1st had 300 representatives
2nd had 300 representatives
3rd had 600 representatives

20. Causes & Revolution
Voted by Estate not by numbers so vote was always 2 to 1
Third Estate brings cahiers – grievances to the king
The Revolution begins – liberte’, egalite’, fraternite’
Third Estate declares themselves a National Assembly; locked out of meeting hall
Tennis Court Oath – pledged a constitution

24. Revolution
Bastille is destroyed (7/14/89) – hated symbol of the Old Regime (French independence day)
Great Fear sweeps countryside; uprisings
National Assembly abolishes special privileges
Declaration of the Rights of Man (from England and American history)
Church lands broken up and sold to peasants
Abolished Church tithes, guaranteed freedom of religion
Constitution of 1791 – Legislative Assembly would pass laws (Constitutional Monarchy)

27. Revolution cont. Emigres (nobles who had fled France)
Sans-culottes (shopkeepers/wage-earners who wanted more voice in gov.)
All struggled to influence politics; led to violence
Coalition and war against France: Austria, GB, Holland, Spain, Prussia
National Convention (new gov) 1792 – Monarchy abolished & Republic declared

28. Revolution – The Terror
Girondists (moderates) vs. Jacobins (radicals) (Maximilien Robespierre, Marat, Danton)
Louis XVI is tried for treason, executed by guillotine (along with Marie Antoinette)
Robespierre emerges - Committee of Public Safety (Jacobins); radical, extremist group
Reign of Terror - all enemies crushed; mass executions by guillotine; lost support
Reaction: Convention executes Robespierre
New Constitution – Directory created (moderate)

30. Robespierre

32. The Guillotine

33. Napoleon Bonaparte Had gained fame as military leader
Coup d’etat – swift overthrow of government; declares himself Consul for Life 1799
Declared himself Emperor Napoleon
Concordat w/ Church; recognizes Catholicism as majority religion
Centralized local government under his authority; local officials answered to him; more efficient

34. Napoleon

36. Accomplishments
Economic reforms: revamped tax collection, price controls, encouraged industry
Furthered public education
Concordat w/Church – official religion
Napoleonic Code – legal code that included certain civil rights (jury, etc.) religious toleration, promotion based on merit
Women lose rights
Legion of Honor to recognize distinguished military careers
Public works (roads, bridges, etc.)

37. Napoleon’s Downfall - Wars
Coalition (Britain, Austria, Russia vs. France)
British victory at Trafalgar destroys French fleet & prevents invasion of England
Continental System – attempt to prevent British trade with Europe (blockade)
Sells Louisiana Territory to U.S. (Jefferson)
Invaded Russia – Russians retreated, French lines too far extended, Russians destroyed and burned everything “scorched earth.”

38. Napoleon cont. French forced to retreat; lost ¾ of his army
Defeated by Russia, Prussia, Austria
Abdicates throne; exiled to Elba
Louis XVIII becomes King of France
Escapes and returns after 100 days
Defeated at Waterloo (Belgium) by Duke of Wellington & coalition
Exiled to St. Helena where he died