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Molecules of Life Chapter 3.

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Presentation on theme: "Molecules of Life Chapter 3."— Presentation transcript:

1 Molecules of Life Chapter 3

2 Inorganic vs Organic Organic Inorganic
Contain carbon and hydrogen (CHNOPS) Covalent bonding Quite large Associated with living organisms Inorganic Contain + and – ions Ionic bonding Small number of atoms Associated with nonliving matter

3 Hydrogen and other elements covalently bonded to carbon
Organic Compounds Hydrogen and other elements covalently bonded to carbon Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

4 Organic Compounds structural formula for methane ball-and-stick model
space-filling model

5 Carbon’s Bonding Behavior
Each carbon atom can form covalent bonds with up to four atoms

6 Bonding Arrangements Carbon atoms can form chains or rings
Other atoms project from the carbon backbone

7 Simplified structural formula for a six-carbon ring
Organic Compounds or Simplified structural formula for a six-carbon ring icon for a six-carbon ring

8 Functional Groups Atoms or clusters of atoms that are covalently bonded to carbon backbone Give organic compounds their different properties

9 Common Functional Groups in Biological Molecules

10 Functional group

11 Functional Groups in Hormones
Estrogen and testosterone are hormones responsible for observable differences in traits between male and female wood ducks Differences in position of functional groups attached to ring structure Testosterone An Estrogen

12 Types of Reactions Functional group transfer Electron transfer
Rearrangement Condensation Cleavage

13 Condensation and hydrolysis

14 Condensation Reactions
Form polymers from subunits Enzymes remove -OH from one molecule, H from another, form bond between two molecules Discarded atoms can join to form water

15 Condensation

16 Hydrolysis A type of cleavage reaction
Breaks polymers into smaller units Enzymes split molecules into two or more parts An -OH group and an H atom derived from water are attached at exposed sites

17 Hydrolysis

18 Carbohydrates Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Oligosaccharides
(short-chain carbohydrates) Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates)

19 Monosaccharides Simplest carbohydrates
Most are sweet tasting, water soluble Most have 5- or 6-carbon backbone Glucose (6 C) Fructose (6 C) Ribose (5 C) Deoxyribose (5 C)

20 Two Monosaccharides glucose fructose

21 Disaccharides Type of oligosaccharide
glucose fructose Type of oligosaccharide Two monosaccharides covalently bonded Formed by condensation reaction + H2O sucrose

22 Polysaccharides Straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers
Most common are composed entirely of glucose Cellulose Starch (such as amylose) Glycogen

23 Cellulose & Starch Differ in bonding patterns between monomers
Cellulose - tough, indigestible, structural material in plants Starch - easily digested, storage form in plants

24 CELLULOSE STARCH

25 Structure of starch and cellulose

26 Glycogen Sugar storage form in animals
Large stores in muscle and liver cells When blood sugar decreases, liver cells degrade glycogen, release glucose

27 Fig. 3-9, p.39

28 Chitin Polysaccharide
Nitrogen-containing groups attached to glucose monomers Structural material for hard parts of invertebrates, cell walls of many fungi

29

30 Lipids Most include fatty acids Fats Phospholipids Waxes
Sterols and their derivatives have no fatty acids Tend to be insoluble in water

31 Fats Fatty acid(s) attached to glycerol Triglycerides are most common

32 Fatty Acids Carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end
Carbon backbone (up to 36 C atoms) Saturated Single bonds between carbons Unsaturated One or more double bonds

33 Three Fatty Acids Stearic acid Oleic acid Linolenic acid

34 Triglyceride formation

35 Phospholipids Main components of cell membranes
Hydrophobic tails (nonpolar) Hydrophilic heads (polar)

36 Phospholipid structure

37 Waxes Long-chain fatty acids linked to long chain alcohols or carbon rings Firm consistency, repel water Important in water-proofing

38 Sterols and Derivatives
No fatty acids Rigid backbone of four fused-together carbon rings Cholesterol most common type in animals

39 Cholesterol

40 Amino Acid Structure carboxyl group amino group R group

41 Properties of Amino Acids
Determined by the “R group” Amino acids may be: Non-polar Uncharged, polar Positively charged, polar Negatively charged, polar

42 Protein Synthesis Protein is a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds Peptide bond Type of covalent bond Links amino group of one amino acid with carboxyl group of next Forms through condensation reaction

43 Peptide bond formation

44 “QUIZ” 1.) Where specifically in your body is glycogen stored?
2.) What role does insulin and glucagon play in respect to glycogen? Relate the following terms to your discussion: condensation, hydrolysis, anabolic, catabolic. 3.) What role does a functional group play? 4.) What determines whether or not a fat is saturated or not?

45 -N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-N-
Primary Structure Sequence of amino acids Unique for each protein Two linked amino acids = dipeptide Three or more = polypeptide Backbone of polypeptide has N atoms: -N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-N- one peptide group

46 Protein Shapes Fibrous proteins
Polypeptide chains arranged as strands or sheets Globular proteins Polypeptide chains folded into compact, rounded shapes

47 Primary Structure & Protein Shape
Primary structure influences shape in two main ways: Allows hydrogen bonds to form between different amino acids along length of chain Puts R groups in positions that allow them to interact

48 Secondary Structure Hydrogen bonds form between different parts of polypeptide chain These bonds give rise to coiled or extended pattern Helix or pleated sheet

49 Examples of Secondary Structure

50 Tertiary Structure heme group Folding as a result of interactions between R groups coiled and twisted polypeptide chain of one globin molecule

51 Quaternary Structure Some proteins are made up of more than one polypeptide chain Hemoglobin

52 Polypeptides with Attached Organic Compounds
Lipoproteins Proteins combined with cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids Glycoproteins Proteins combined with oligosaccharides

53 Denaturation Disruption of three-dimensional shape
Breakage of weak bonds Causes of denaturation: pH Temperature Destroying protein shape disrupts function

54 Nucleotide Structure Sugar Ribose or deoxyribose
At least one phosphate group Base Nitrogen-containing Single or double ring structure

55 Nucleotide Functions Energy carriers Coenzymes Chemical messengers
Building blocks for nucleic acids

56 three phosphate groups
ATP - A Nucleotide base three phosphate groups sugar

57 Nucleic Acids Composed of nucleotides Single- or double-stranded
Adenine Cytosine Composed of nucleotides Single- or double-stranded Sugar-phosphate backbone

58 DNA Double-stranded Consists of four types of nucleotides A bound to T
C bound to G

59 RNA Usually single strands Four types of nucleotides
Unlike DNA, contains the base uracil in place of thymine Three types are key players in protein synthesis

60

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