1. Carbon-Based Molecules
Chapter 2

2. Carbon Carbon has unique bonding properties
Carbon = building block of life because it makes up most living things
Has four unpaired (free) electrons in it’s outer energy level (Valence electrons)
This means it can bond up to 4 times with other atoms. (even other carbon atoms)

3. Carbon Wants 4 Friends
The carbon atom is unique among elements in its tendency to form extensive networks of covalent bonds not only with other elements but also with itself.
Because of its position midway in the second horizontal row of the periodic table, carbon is neither an electropositive nor an electronegative element; it therefore is more likely to share electrons than to gain or lose them.
It wants to make up to 4 covalent bonds with other atoms

4. 3 Carbon Molecule Shapes
Straight Chain
Every carbon atom is making up to 4 bonds. (Some can even be double bonds)

5. 3 Carbon Molecule Shapes
Branched Chain
Sometimes we don’t show all the individual bonds, but show molecules together like this. 3 2

6. 3 Carbon Molecule Shapes
Ring
Most complex shape carbon can form.

7. Carbon Makes Large Molecules
These are usually formed with other molecules.
If they are made up from separate small pieces, then they are called polymers.
Polymers are made up of monomers.
Carbon is special because its atoms can bond to each other to a practically unlimited degree. This is possible because of carbon's electron configuration.

8. Polymer/Monomer
Monomer- The simplest unit, or the repeating unit, of a polymer
Polymer-
A compound made up of several repeating units monomers

9. The whole wall = polymer (Made of many small parts)
One brick = Monomer

10. Take 5!
With a neighbor, share what you both wrote down for notes during the last section of instruction.
Create 2 questions that could be test questions from the material we just covered, see if you can answer each other’s questions.

11. 4 Main Types of Molecules
There are four main types of carbon-based molecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
These all look different but are still formed by using carbon chains and rings.

12. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Sugars
Starches
These are often used for short term energy.
Also used for plant structure/support.
Cellulose under UV light as it is found in paper. (Plant tissue)

13. Carbohydrates Can come in three different sugar forms:
Monosaccharides – (mono=one)(sugar)
Disaccharides – (Di = two)(sugar)
Polysaccharides – (poly = many) (sugars)
Fructose, Glucose, Sucrose, are examples of simpler sugars.
Starches (found in bread, pasta, and cereals) are more complex.

14. Sucrose is the combination of glucose and fructose
Sucrose is what you know as table sugar, and it has a very crystalline structure.

15. Starches are very much complex carbohydrates
Starches are very much complex carbohydrates. These make the larger structures and can contain way more energy.

16. Lipids
These are nonpolar molecules that includes fats, waxes, oils, and cholesterol.
Can be used for long-term energy storage
Some are used for cell structure. (cell membranes)
Fatty acids – chains of carbon/hydrogen atoms.
No true monomer – but fatty acids are part of all of them.

17. Fats and Oils
Fats can be either solid or liquid. Solid fat, like lard or butter, is usually saturated. Liquid fat, like vegetable oil, is usually unsaturated. The definitions of these fats come from the patterns of chemical bonding between the carbon atoms of the fatty acid "tails," and the bonding of hydrogen atoms to those carbon atoms.
Saturated Fats
In saturated fats, every carbon of the "tails" is bonded to the carbon atoms on either side, and to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. Therefore, it is reasonable to say that the fatty acid is "fully saturated with hydrogen atoms." A segment from the hydrocarbon tail would look like this:

18. Unsaturated Fats
Unsaturated fats have two or more "missing" hydrogen atoms. The relevant carbon atoms, instead of forming one bond between the carbons, form two bonds -- a double bond. If the carbon atoms are busy double-bonding with each other, then they aren't forming bonds to hydrogen atoms. There are not as many hydrogen atoms as possible in the fatty acid tail. We could represent it like this:

19. Olive oil and bacon all contain different lipids
Olive oil and bacon all contain different lipids. One is liquid at room temperature, the other is solid at room temperature.
Unsaturated fats are typically liquid at room temperature. They differ from saturated fats in that their chemical structure contains one or more double bonds.
Saturated fats have no double bonds in their chemical structure. They are “saturated” with hydrogen atoms. Because of their chemical structure, they have a solid consistency at room temperature.

20. Take 5!
With a neighbor, share what you both wrote down for notes during the last section of instruction.
Create 2 questions that could be test questions from the material we just covered, see if you can answer each other’s questions.

21. Proteins These are involved in almost every cell process in your body.
Made up of chains of amino acids.
We need 20 different kinds of amino acids, your body makes 11 already. (need 9 from diet)
Amino acids are made up of two bonded molecules (carboxyl group and amino)
These link together to form polypeptides.(Giant protein polymers)

22. Structure of an Amino Acid
Amino Group
Carboxylic Acid
The R group is the part that varies and creates the 20 different essential amino acids your body needs.

26. Nucleic Acids
Polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides.
Two types of nucleic acids :
DNA and RNA
This is designed to store information so proteins can later be assembled.
Your DNA is just a string of arranged nucleotides.

29. How do you link together monomers?

30. Take 5!
With a neighbor, share what you both wrote down for notes during the last section of instruction.
Create 2 questions that could be test questions from the material we just covered, see if you can answer each other’s questions.

31. Comparing the Macromolecules
Knowing this is good for your academic health!
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Monomer:
Monosaccharides
Structure:
Ring/rings
Uses:
Primary: energy
Secondary: structure
Found in:
Many foods (breads, candy)
Monomer:
Fatty acids (not really but whatever)
Structure:
Hydrocarbon tails
Uses:
Primary: energy storage
Secondary: structure
Found in:
Meats, oils, fats, cholesterol, waxes

32. Comparing the Macromolecules
Knowing this is good for your academic health!
Protein
Nucleic acids
Monomer:
Amino acids
Structure:
Many levels (complex)
Uses:
Primary: almost everything
Secondary: still everything
Found in:
Meats, yogurt, fish, cheese, lentils, beans, etc…
Monomer:
nucleotides
Structure:
Double helix chain
Uses:
Primary: genetic information
Found in:
Almost all cells, but all living things have some sort of this stuff